{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:25:24Z","timestamp":1773030324657,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether a surgical technique used in cryptorchid horses can be used successfully to remove testicles retained in the inguinal region or abdominal cavity in dogs and cats.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201422 dogs and 4 cats with cryptorchidism.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014In 1999 through 2010, 26 cryptorchid patients underwent surgery during which an incision was made over the inguinal ring and the undescended testicle was located for removal via identification of the vaginal process and the embryonic gubernaculum. Castration was performed once a testicle was located in the inguinal region or via removal of an intra-abdominally located testicle through the inguinal canal.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u20144 dogs and 1 cat were bilaterally cryptorchid. Testicles were retained in the abdominal cavity in 18 dogs and in the inguinal region in 4 dogs; in all 4 cats, undescended testicles were located in the inguinal region. Twenty-one dogs and 4 cats were castrated without breaching the abdominal cavity; in one of those dogs, the inguinal ring was enlarged to permit extraction of a tumorous testicle. In 1 dog, the inguinal ring was enlarged into a paramedian laparotomy and viscera were manipulated to exteriorize an intra-abdominally located testicle because the gubernaculum had ruptured. Major intraoperative or long-term complications did not occur.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested that as in horses, the surgical approach over the inguinal ring, wherein the vaginal process and the remnant of the gubernaculum are identified and used to locate an undescended testicle for removal, can be used successfully in dogs and cats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.239.8.1098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,10]],"date-time":"2011-10-10T19:28:26Z","timestamp":1318274906000},"page":"1098-1103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Use of an inguinal approach adapted from equine surgery for cryptorchidectomy in dogs and cats: 26 cases (1999\u20132010)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Steckel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Small animal surgery","first-page":"717","article-title":"Cryptorchid castration","author":"Hedlund","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","article-title":"Cryptorchidism. In: Slatter DS, ed","author":"Boothe","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Current techniques in small animal surgery","first-page":"522","article-title":"Orchiectomy of descended and retained testes in the dog and cat","author":"Crane","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"325","article-title":"Cryptorchidism","volume":"30","author":"Birchard","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Bovine and equine urogenital surgery","article-title":"Inguinal cryptorchidectomy","author":"Walker","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"343","article-title":"Retrospective study of 350 cases of equine cryptorchidism","volume":"172","author":"Stickle","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Foundations of embryology","article-title":"The development of the internal reproductive organs","author":"Patten","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary anatomy","article-title":"The urogenital apparatus","author":"Dyce","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"439","article-title":"An improved method of diagnosis and castration of cryptorchid horses","volume":"145","author":"Adams","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1110","article-title":"Abdominal cryptorchidectomy in the horse, using inguinal extension of the gubernaculum testis","volume":"174","author":"Valdez","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Diagnostic radiology and ultrasonography of the dog and cat","article-title":"Retained testis","author":"Kealy","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"875","article-title":"Use of laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy in dogs and cats","volume":"224","author":"Miller","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/239\/8\/javma.239.8.1098.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/239\/8\/javma.239.8.1098.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/239\/8\/javma.239.8.1098.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:48:43Z","timestamp":1741355323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/239\/8\/javma.239.8.1098.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.239.8.1098","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]}}}