{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:39:59Z","timestamp":1789079999857,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe the clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings, treatment, and outcome of cattle with small intestinal incarceration (SII) through internal and external hernias.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The medical records of 85 cattle with SII admitted between January 1, 1987, and December 31, 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. The long-term outcome was determined 2 years after discharge.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>85 cattle had herniation of the small intestine through congenital or acquired openings in mesentery or omentum (internal herniation; n = 60) or the abdominal wall (external herniation; 25). The most common findings were little or no feces in the rectum (77 of 85 [90.6%]), reduced or absent intestinal motility (76 of 85 [89.4%]), and hypocalcemia (36 of 44 [81.8%]). Thirteen (15.3%) cattle died or were euthanized without surgery. Of the remaining 72 (84.7%) cattle that underwent surgery, 42 survived the procedure. Overall, 52 of 85 cattle (61.2%; 95% CI, 50% to 72%) did not survive to hospital discharge and 33 (38.8%; 95% CI, 28% to 50%) were discharged alive. Of these, 11 (33.3%; 6 with and 5 without hernias closed completely) were still productive in their respective herds 2 years later.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The diagnosis of an incarcerated external hernia is usually straightforward, whereas internal SII necessitates laparotomy or postmortem examination for a definitive diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Internal herniation should be part of the differential diagnosis in cattle with signs of ileus. Immediate surgical treatment is paramount in cattle with SII.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.01.0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T17:13:13Z","timestamp":1729271593000},"page":"71-81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Small intestinal incarceration caused by external herniation can be diagnosed clinically in cattle, but laparotomy is required to confirm internal incarceration"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Ueli","family":"Braun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gerspach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bennien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Hilbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Nuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Innere Medizin und Chirurgie des Rindes","first-page":"530","article-title":"Einschn\u00fcrung, Abklemmung, Kompression des Darmes","author":"Dirksen G","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dirksen G, Doll K. 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