{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:42:25Z","timestamp":1776494545447,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To retrospectively evaluate the clinical use of voriconazole in psittacine patients for the treatment of suspected respiratory fungal infections.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>14 client-owned psittacine birds.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Medical records were searched from 2012 to 2023 for voriconazole use in psittacines. Species, age, clinical signs, physical examination findings, CT reports, bloodwork results, treatment, and outcome were obtained from the records or client follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>African grey parrots were the most prevalent species (8\/14). Dyspnea (9\/14) and abnormal respiratory auscultation (11\/14) were the most common examination abnormalities. An initial CT was performed in all cases, and pneumonia (10\/14) and air sac disease (9\/14) were the most common findings, with 8 cases having both pulmonary and air sac disease. Voriconazole doses ranged from 10 to 21 mg\/kg (median, 16 mg\/kg), with most cases prescribed as every-12-hour frequency (12\/14). Three of 14 (21%) cases died or were euthanized within 24 days of diagnosis. One case was euthanized at 311 days, and 6 cases were lost to follow-up. Four of 14 (29%) cases lived &gt; 12 months from diagnosis. Two of these cases cleared clinical infection after receiving voriconazole at 17 to 18 mg\/kg (q 12 h). No adverse effects attributable to voriconazole were reported.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Voriconazole can be safely used for the treatment of suspected fungal respiratory infection in psittacines. However, the prognosis for resolution is guarded, and prolonged treatment and repeated diagnostic imaging are necessary in many cases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.01.0018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T18:24:19Z","timestamp":1712773459000},"page":"1062-1068","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Retrospective evaluation of voriconazole treatment in psittacines: 14 cases (2012\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Daria","family":"Hinkle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Mans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"Companion Anim","first-page":"50","article-title":"Aspergillosis: update on causes, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Carrasco DC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carrasco DC, Forbes NA. Aspergillosis: update on causes, diagnosis and treatment. Companion Anim. 2016;21(1):50-57. doi:10.12968\/coan.2016.21.1.50"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"342","article-title":"The current status of avian aspergillosis diagnoses: veterinary practice to novel research avenues","volume":"47","author":"Savelieff MG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Savelieff MG, Pappalardo L, Azmanis P. The current status of avian aspergillosis diagnoses: veterinary practice to novel research avenues. Vet Clin Pathol. 2018;47(3):342-362. doi:10.1111\/vcp.12644"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"463","article-title":"The value of endoscopy in a wildlife raptor service","volume":"18","author":"Desmarchelier MR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Desmarchelier MR, Ferrell ST. The value of endoscopy in a wildlife raptor service. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2015;18(3):463-477. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2015.04.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"355","article-title":"Antifungal therapy in birds: old drugs in a new jacket","volume":"21","author":"Antonissen G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Antonissen G, Martel A. Antifungal therapy in birds: old drugs in a new jacket. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2018;21(2):355-377. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2018.01.009"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"63","author":"Patterson TF","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patterson TF, Thompson GR III, Denning DW,  Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 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Accessed January 6, 2024. https:\/\/www.zoetisus.com\/content\/_assets\/docs\/Diagnostics\/technical-papers\/VETSCAN-VS2-Reference-Ranges-VTS-00038.pdf"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/8\/javma.24.01.0018.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/8\/javma.24.01.0018.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/8\/javma.24.01.0018.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:11:41Z","timestamp":1741356701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/8\/javma.24.01.0018.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.24.01.0018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}}}