{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:40:26Z","timestamp":1774690826562,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Evaluate SARS-CoV-2 morbidity, mortality, clinical signs, treatment interventions, and vaccination practices in tigers under professional care.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Amur (<jats:italic>Panthera tigris altaica<\/jats:italic>), Sumatran (<jats:italic>Panthera tigris sumatrae<\/jats:italic>), and Malayan (<jats:italic>Panthera tigris jacksoni<\/jats:italic>) tigers managed under the Tiger Species Survival Plan (SSP).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A retrospective, voluntary online survey was sent to all North American zoos holding SSP tigers between January 2020 and June 2023.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Responses were received from 55 of 108 institutions (51%) housing 162 tigers in total, and SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed in 39 tigers from 15 institutions (20 Amur, 8 Sumatran, and 11 Malayan [1 to 18 years old; 17 males and 22 females]). This corresponds to a minimum study group infection incidence of 24% over 42 months. Clinical signs included dry cough (82%), inappetence (64%), lethargy (62%), nasal discharge (46%), wheezing (31%), wet cough (18%), and ocular discharge (15%). Most cases were characterized as mild (n = 22) or moderate (14). A single case was characterized as severe. Two cases were asymptomatic. Seventeen positive tigers had been vaccinated once (n = 8) or twice (9) for SARS-CoV-2 prior to infection. No deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 were reported in the study group. Treatment interventions included antibiotics (49%), NSAIDs (18%), antiemetics (15%), and fluids (13%). No treatments were administered in 19 of 39 cases (49%). Amongst participating institutions, 69% reported fully vaccinating tigers for SARS-CoV-2 (\u2265 2 doses).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Most SARS-CoV-2\u2013infected tigers presented with mild to moderate clinical signs and recovered with limited to no treatment interventions. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections can occur in tigers and may be underreported. Tigers vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 remain susceptible to infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.01.0030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T18:04:54Z","timestamp":1713549894000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 morbidity, treatment interventions, and vaccination practices in tigers (Panthera tigris ssp) in North American zoos"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Ashlyn C.","family":"Heniff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"McAloose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Crook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah\u2019s Hogle Zoo, Salt Lake City, UT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tara M.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"WHO","author":"COVID-19 dashboard","unstructured":"COVID-19 dashboard. 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