{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T02:26:39Z","timestamp":1776997599740,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe short-term outcomes of dogs and cats undergoing surgery for traumatic bile peritonitis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>13 dogs and 4 cats.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Multi-institutional, retrospective study. Medical records from 6 institutions were reviewed for cases of traumatic bile peritonitis between 2006 and 2022. Clinical presentation, additional injuries, surgical treatment, and outcome were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Trauma occurred a median of 2 (range, 1 to 22) and 4 (range, 1 to 22) days prior to presentation in dogs and cats, respectively. Total bilirubin was increased in 11 of 13 dogs and 2 of 4 cats. Rupture occurred at the common bile duct (CBD) in 10 dogs and 1 cat, gallbladder in 3 dogs, cystic duct in 2 cats, and hepatic duct in 1 dog and 1 cat. The most common surgeries were cholecystoduodenostomy and CBD repair in dogs and cholecystectomy in cats. Eleven of 13 dogs and all cats survived to hospital discharge (88.2% overall survival). Median follow-up in surviving dogs and cats was 35 days (range, 14 to 401) and 30 days (range, 14 to 90), respectively. One dog that underwent cholecystectomy experienced recurrent bile peritonitis 20 days postoperatively. Short-term survival following surgical treatment of traumatic bile peritonitis was excellent and recurrence appears uncommon. The most frequent site of rupture was the CBD in dogs and the cystic duct in cats.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Measurement of peritoneal bilirubin should be considered in dogs and cats with peritoneal effusion following trauma. Surgeons should be prepared to identify and address ruptures in locations other than the gallbladder.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.01.0049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T17:23:20Z","timestamp":1712165000000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic and surgical treatment for traumatic bile peritonitis in dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Heath W.","family":"McAlexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet A.","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Ullman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAGE Veterinary Centers, Redwood City, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace Pei-Chun","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Pearl Downtown Seattle, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett G.","family":"Darrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Veterinary Specialists, Jacksonville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanna M.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"90","article-title":"Surgical treatment of bile peritonitis in 24 dogs and 2 cats: a retrospective study (1987-1994)","volume":"26","author":"Ludwig LL","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ludwig LL, McLoughlin MA, Graves TK, Crisp MS. Surgical treatment of bile peritonitis in 24 dogs and 2 cats: a retrospective study (1987-1994). Vet Surg. 1997;26(2):90-98. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950x.1997.tb01470.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1615","article-title":"Gallbladder mucocele in dogs: 30 cases (2000-2002)","volume":"224","author":"Pike FS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pike FS, Berg J, King NW, Penninck DG, Webster CR. Gallbladder mucocele in dogs: 30 cases (2000-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;224(10):1615-1622. doi:10.2460\/javma.2004.224.1615"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1418","article-title":"Surgical management of gallbladder mucoceles in dogs: 22 cases (1999-2003)","volume":"225","author":"Worley DR","year":"2004","unstructured":"Worley DR, Hottinger HA, Lawrence HJ. Surgical management of gallbladder mucoceles in dogs: 22 cases (1999-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225(9):1418-1422. doi:10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1418"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"231","article-title":"Extrahepatic biliary tract surgery in the cat: a case series and review","volume":"44","author":"Bacon NJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bacon NJ, White RAS. Extrahepatic biliary tract surgery in the cat: a case series and review. J Small Anim Pract. 2003;44(5):231-235. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00149.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"513","article-title":"A case of combined bilothorax and bile peritonitis secondary to gunshot wounds in a cat","volume":"15","author":"Murgia D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Murgia D. A case of combined bilothorax and bile peritonitis secondary to gunshot wounds in a cat. J Feline Med Surg. 2013;15(6):513-516. doi:10.1177\/1098612X12469369"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"JFMS Open Rep","first-page":"2055116917714871","article-title":"Non-iatrogenic traumatic isolated bilothorax in a cat","volume":"3","author":"Mullins RA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mullins RA, Barandun MA, Gallagher B, Cuddy LC. Non-iatrogenic traumatic isolated bilothorax in a cat. JFMS Open Rep. 2017;3(1):2055116917714871. doi:10.1177\/2055116917714871"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Feline cholecystitis and acute neutrophilic cholangitis: clinical findings, bacterial isolates and response to treatment in six cases","volume":"8","author":"Brain PH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brain PH, Barrs VR, Martin P, Baral R, White JD, Beatty JA. Feline cholecystitis and acute neutrophilic cholangitis: clinical findings, bacterial isolates and response to treatment in six cases. J Feline Med Surg. 2006;8(2):91-103. doi:10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.09.001"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Percutaneous cholecystocentesis in cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease","volume":"19","author":"Byfield VL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Byfield VL, Callahan Clark JE, Turek BJ, Bradley CW, Rondeau MP. Percutaneous cholecystocentesis in cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19(12):1254-1260. doi:10.1177\/1098612X16689335"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1327","article-title":"High complication rate of an automatic Tru-Cut biopsy gun device for liver biopsy in cats","volume":"20","author":"Proot SJM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Proot SJM, Rothuizen J. High complication rate of an automatic Tru-Cut biopsy gun device for liver biopsy in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20(6):1327-1333."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"39","article-title":"Cytology and fluid analysis of the acute abdomen","volume":"18","author":"Connally HE","year":"2003","unstructured":"Connally HE. Cytology and fluid analysis of the acute abdomen. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2003;18(1):39-44. doi:10.1016\/1096-2867(03)90024-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"114","article-title":"Three cases of canine bile peritonitis with mucinous material in abdominal fluid as the prominent cytologic finding","volume":"32","author":"Owens SD","year":"2003","unstructured":"Owens SD, Gossett R, McElhaney MR, Christopher MM, Shelly SM. Three cases of canine bile peritonitis with mucinous material in abdominal fluid as the prominent cytologic finding. Vet Clin Pathol. 2003;32(3):114-120. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-165x.2003.tb00324.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"731","article-title":"Traumatic rupture of the bile duct in the dog: a report of seven cases","volume":"24","author":"Watkins PE","year":"1983","unstructured":"Watkins PE, Pearson H, Denny HR. Traumatic rupture of the bile duct in the dog: a report of seven cases. J Small Anim Pract. 1983;24(12):731-740. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1983.tb00361.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1451","article-title":"Long-term survival and risk factors associated with biliary surgery in dogs: 34 cases (1994-2004)","volume":"229","author":"Amsellem PM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amsellem PM, Seim HB III, MacPhail CM,  Long-term survival and risk factors associated with biliary surgery in dogs: 34 cases (1994-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229(9):1451-1457. doi:10.2460\/javma.229.9.1451"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"949","article-title":"Complications of the extrahepatic biliary surgery in companion animals","volume":"41","author":"Mehler SJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mehler SJ. Complications of the extrahepatic biliary surgery in companion animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2011;41(5):949-967, vi. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.05.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"195","article-title":"Gallbladder mucocele: variables associated with outcome and the utility of ultrasonography to identify gallbladder rupture in 219 dogs (2007-2016)","volume":"32","author":"Jaffey JA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jaffey JA, Graham A, VanEerde E,  Gallbladder mucocele: variables associated with outcome and the utility of ultrasonography to identify gallbladder rupture in 219 dogs (2007-2016). J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(1):195-200. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14898"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"63","article-title":"Factors affecting survival in 516 dogs that underwent cholecystectomy for the treatment of gallbladder mucocele","volume":"63","author":"Galley M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Galley M, Lang J, Mitchell M, Fletcher J. Factors affecting survival in 516 dogs that underwent cholecystectomy for the treatment of gallbladder mucocele. Can Vet J. 2022;63(1):63-66."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"79","article-title":"Gallbladder disease in Shetland Sheepdogs: 38 cases (1995-2005)","volume":"231","author":"Aguirre AL","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aguirre AL, Center SA, Randolph JF,  Gallbladder disease in Shetland Sheepdogs: 38 cases (1995-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;231(1):79-88. doi:10.2460\/javma.231.1.79"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Increasing age and severe intraoperative hypotension associated with nonsurvival in dogs with gallbladder mucocele undergoing cholecystectomy","volume":"261","author":"Ullal TV","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ullal TV, Jaffey JA, Kreisler R,  Increasing age and severe intraoperative hypotension associated with nonsurvival in dogs with gallbladder mucocele undergoing cholecystectomy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(12):1-9. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.06.0305"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","series-title":"Internet J Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of preoperative risk factors affecting mortality and morbidity in patients after surgery of biliary tract: a retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Bhat DM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bhat DM, Bhat P, Rodrigues G,  Analysis of preoperative risk factors affecting mortality and morbidity in patients after surgery of biliary tract: a retrospective study. Internet J Surg. 2006;13(1):1-5."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"236","article-title":"Dogs with biliary rupture based on ultrasound findings may have normal total serum bilirubin values","volume":"62","author":"Wilson K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson K, Powers D, Grasperge B, Liu CC, Granger LA. Dogs with biliary rupture based on ultrasound findings may have normal total serum bilirubin values. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2021;62(2):236-245. doi:10.1111\/vru.12937"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"345","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced ultrasound complements two-dimensional ultrasonography in diagnosing gallbladder diseases in dogs","volume":"59","author":"Bargellini P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bargellini P, Orlandi R, Paloni C,  Contrast-enhanced ultrasound complements two-dimensional ultrasonography in diagnosing gallbladder diseases in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2018;59(3):345-356. doi:10.1111\/vru.12601"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"611","article-title":"Evaluation of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography as a method for detecting gallbladder necrosis or rupture in dogs","volume":"57","author":"Bargellini P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bargellini P, Orlandi R, Paloni C,  Evaluation of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography as a method for detecting gallbladder necrosis or rupture in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2016;57(6):611-620. doi:10.1111\/vru.12404"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Clin Diagn Res","first-page":"TC15","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of ultrasonography and cross-sectional imaging in determining gall bladder perforation in accordance to Niemeier\u2019s Classification","volume":"10","author":"Boruah DK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boruah DK, Sanyal S, Sharma BK, Boruah DR. Comparative evaluation of ultrasonography and cross-sectional imaging in determining gall bladder perforation in accordance to Niemeier\u2019s Classification. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(8):TC15-TC18. doi:10.7860\/JCDR\/2016\/20158.8318"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"359","article-title":"Clinical, ultrasonographic, and laboratory findings associated with gallbladder disease and rupture in dogs: 45 cases (1997-2007)","volume":"234","author":"Crews LJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Crews LJ, Feeney DA, Jessen CR, Rose ND, Matise I. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and laboratory findings associated with gallbladder disease and rupture in dogs: 45 cases (1997-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009;234(3):359-366. doi:10.2460\/javma.234.3.359"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"896","article-title":"Extrahepatic bile duct injury in blunt trauma: a systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Pereira R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pereira R, Vo T, Slater K. Extrahepatic bile duct injury in blunt trauma: a systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;86(5):896-901. doi:10.1097\/TA.0000000000002186"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref26","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"813","article-title":"TAC Bile Leaks Study Group. Diagnosis and management of bile leaks after severe liver injury: a Trauma Association of Canada multicenter study","volume":"93","author":"Schellenberg M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schellenberg M, Ball CG, Owattanapanich N, ; TAC Bile Leaks Study Group. Diagnosis and management of bile leaks after severe liver injury: a Trauma Association of Canada multicenter study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;93(6):813-820. doi:10.1097\/TA.0000000000003765"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/7\/javma.24.01.0049.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/7\/javma.24.01.0049.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/7\/javma.24.01.0049.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:05:13Z","timestamp":1741352713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/7\/javma.24.01.0049.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.24.01.0049","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}}}