{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:54:21Z","timestamp":1787025261829,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of 4 cases of splenic torsion with associated spherocytosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>4 client-owned dogs with spherocytosis and splenic torsion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CLINICAL PRESENTATION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Each dog presented with nonspecific clinical signs, and 3 out of 4 dogs were anemic on presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The diagnosis of splenic torsion was made with abdominal ultrasound or CT and confirmed during exploratory laparotomy. Spherocytosis was described as occasional (patient 1), rare (patient 2), and low number (patients 3 and 4). Two dogs survived to hospital discharge, and 2 dogs died following cardiorespiratory arrest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spherocytosis has not previously been reported in cases of splenic torsion, and identification of spherocytes on blood film evaluation warrants further investigation. The cause of spherocytosis in splenic torsion remains unknown but may be associated with microangiopathic fragmentation injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.03.0148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T12:35:47Z","timestamp":1716381347000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spherocytosis as an indicator of fragmentation injury in dogs with splenic torsion"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7230-1441","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dave","family":"Beeston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balazs","family":"Szladovits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Cortellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"661","article-title":"Primary splenic torsion in dogs: 102 cases (1992-2014)","volume":"248","author":"DeGroot W","year":"2016","unstructured":"DeGroot W, Giuffrida MA, Rubin J,  Primary splenic torsion in dogs: 102 cases (1992-2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016;248(6):661-668. doi:10.2460\/javma.248.6.661"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"313","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats","volume":"33","author":"Garden OA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garden OA, Kidd L, Mexas AM,  ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(2):313-334. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15441"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref3","series-title":"Cytometry A","first-page":"874","article-title":"Flow morphometry to assess the red blood cell storage lesion","volume":"91","author":"Sierra FDA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sierra FDA, Melzak KA, Janetzko K,  Flow morphometry to assess the red blood cell storage lesion. Cytometry A. 2017;91(9):874-882. doi:10.1002\/cyto.a.23127"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"321","article-title":"Unusual \u201cerythroid loops\u201d in canine blood smears after viper-bite envenomation","volume":"38","author":"Masserdotti C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Masserdotti C. Unusual \u201cerythroid loops\u201d in canine blood smears after viper-bite envenomation. Vet Clin Pathol. 2009;38(3):321-325. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2009.00145.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"620","article-title":"Hemolytic anemia, spherocytosis, and thrombocytopenia associated with honey bee envenomation in a dog","volume":"48","author":"Nair R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nair R, Riddle EA, Thrall MA. Hemolytic anemia, spherocytosis, and thrombocytopenia associated with honey bee envenomation in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol. 2019;48(4):620-623. doi:10.1111\/vcp.12747"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"142","article-title":"Acetaminophen toxicosis in a Dalmatian","volume":"44","author":"MacNaughton SM","year":"2003","unstructured":"MacNaughton SM. Acetaminophen toxicosis in a Dalmatian. Can Vet J. 2003;44(2):142-144."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1174","article-title":"Zinc intoxication in dogs: 19 cases (1991-2003)","volume":"230","author":"Gurnee CM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gurnee CM, Drobatz KJ. Zinc intoxication in dogs: 19 cases (1991-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;230(8):1174-1179. doi:10.2460\/javma.230.8.1174"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical and haematological features of haemangiosarcoma in dogs","volume":"62","author":"Ng CY","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ng CY, Mills JN. Clinical and haematological features of haemangiosarcoma in dogs. Aust Vet J. 1985;62(1):1-4. doi:10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1985.tb06029.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"264","article-title":"Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a dog","volume":"34","author":"Dell\u2019Orco M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Orco M, Bertazzolo W, Pagliaro L, Roccabianca P, Comazzi S. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol. 2005;34(3):264-269. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00052.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"154","article-title":"Endocarditis in a dog due to infection with a novel Bartonella subspecies","volume":"33","author":"Breitschwerdt EB","year":"1995","unstructured":"Breitschwerdt EB, Kordick DL, Malarkey DE, Keene B, Hadfield TL, Wilson K. Endocarditis in a dog due to infection with a novel Bartonella subspecies. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33(1):154-160. doi:10.1128\/jcm.33.1.154-160.1995"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"556","article-title":"Hepatosplenic lymphoma in a dog","volume":"40","author":"Fry MM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fry MM, Vernau W, Pesavento PA, Br\u00f6mel C, Moore PF. Hepatosplenic lymphoma in a dog. Vet Pathol. 2003;40(5):556-562. doi:10.1354\/vp.40-5-556"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"610","article-title":"Inherited erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency in the West Highland White Terrier","volume":"31","author":"Chapman BL","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chapman BL, Giger U. Inherited erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency in the West Highland White Terrier. J Small Anim Pract. 1990;31(12):610-616. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1990.tb00707.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"151","article-title":"Dyserythropoiesis, polymyopathy, and cardiac disease in three related English Springer Spaniels","volume":"5","author":"Holland CT","year":"1991","unstructured":"Holland CT, Canfield PJ, Watson ADJ, Allan GS. Dyserythropoiesis, polymyopathy, and cardiac disease in three related English Springer Spaniels. J Vet Intern Med. 1991;5(3):151-159. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00942.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Primary splenic torsion in a Boston Terrier","volume":"71","author":"Ohta H","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ohta H, Takagi S, Murakami M,  Primary splenic torsion in a Boston Terrier. J Vet Med Sci. 2009;71(11):1533-1535. doi:10.1292\/jvms.001533"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"426","article-title":"Evaluation of an abdominal fluid scoring system determined using abdominal focused assessment with sonography for trauma in 101 dogs with motor vehicle trauma","volume":"19","author":"Lisciandro GR","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lisciandro GR, Lagutchik MS, Mann KA,  Evaluation of an abdominal fluid scoring system determined using abdominal focused assessment with sonography for trauma in 101 dogs with motor vehicle trauma. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2009;19(5):426-437. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00459.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"74","article-title":"The use of the rapid osmotic fragility test as an additional test to diagnose canine immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia","volume":"55","author":"Paes G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paes G, Paepe D, Meyer E,  The use of the rapid osmotic fragility test as an additional test to diagnose canine immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. Acta Vet Scand. 2013;55(1):74. doi:10.1186\/1751-0147-55-74"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"27","article-title":"Uniform evaluation and semiquantitative reporting of hematologic data in veterinary laboratories","volume":"13","author":"Weiss DJ","year":"1984","unstructured":"Weiss DJ. Uniform evaluation and semiquantitative reporting of hematologic data in veterinary laboratories. Vet Clin Pathol. 1984;13(2):27-31. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-165X.1984.tb00836.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"415","article-title":"Red cell fragmentation in the dog: an editorial review","volume":"18","author":"Rebar AH","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rebar AH, Lewis HB, DeNicola DB, Halliwell WH, Boon GD. Red cell fragmentation in the dog: an editorial review. Vet Pathol. 1981;18(4):415-426. doi:10.1177\/030098588101800401"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"160","article-title":"Splenomegaly in dogs: predictors of neoplasia and survival after splenectomy","volume":"3","author":"Johnson KA","year":"1989","unstructured":"Johnson KA, Powers BE, Withrow SJ, Sheetz MJ, Curtis CR, Wrigley RH. Splenomegaly in dogs: predictors of neoplasia and survival after splenectomy. J Vet Intern Med. 1989;3(3):160-166. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1989.tb03092.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"167","article-title":"Evaluation of risk factors for mortality in dogs with lung lobe torsion: a retrospective study of 66 dogs (2000-2015)","volume":"60","author":"Wainberg SH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wainberg SH, Brisson BA, Reabel SN,  Evaluation of risk factors for mortality in dogs with lung lobe torsion: a retrospective study of 66 dogs (2000-2015). Can Vet J. 2019;60(2):167-173."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"242","article-title":"Liver lobe torsion in dogs: 13 cases (1995-2004)","volume":"228","author":"Schwartz SGH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schwartz SGH, Mitchell SL, Keating JH, Chan DL. Liver lobe torsion in dogs: 13 cases (1995-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228(2):242-247. doi:10.2460\/javma.228.2.242"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"41","article-title":"Sonographic and radiographic changes associated with splenic torsion in the dog","volume":"30","author":"Konde LJ","year":"1989","unstructured":"Konde LJ, Wrigley RH, Lebel JL, Park RD, Pugh C, Finn S. Sonographic and radiographic changes associated with splenic torsion in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1989;30(1):41-45. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1989.tb00751.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"349","article-title":"B-mode and Doppler ultrasound imaging of the spleen with canine splenic torsion: a retrospective evaluation","volume":"39","author":"Saunders HM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Saunders HM, Neath PJ, Brockman DJ. B-mode and Doppler ultrasound imaging of the spleen with canine splenic torsion: a retrospective evaluation. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1998;39(4):349-353. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01619.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"261","article-title":"CT characteristics of primary splenic torsion in eight dogs","volume":"61","author":"Hughes JR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hughes JR, Johnson VS, Genain MA. CT characteristics of primary splenic torsion in eight dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2020;61(3):261-268. doi:10.1111\/vru.12844"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref25","series-title":"Surgeon","first-page":"e296","article-title":"Diagnosis, management and outcome of splenic torsion; a systematic review of published studies","volume":"20","author":"Bough GM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bough GM, Gargan KE, Cleeve SJ, Farrell S. Diagnosis, management and outcome of splenic torsion; a systematic review of published studies. Surgeon. 2022;20(5):e296-e305. doi:10.1016\/j.surge.2021.08.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"487","article-title":"The hilar perivenous hyperechoic triangle as a sign of acute splenic torsion in dogs","volume":"47","author":"Mai W","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mai W. The hilar perivenous hyperechoic triangle as a sign of acute splenic torsion in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2006;47(5):487-491. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00169.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"315","article-title":"Frequency and number of ultrasound lung rockets (B-lines) using a regionally based lung ultrasound examination named Vet BLUE (veterinary bedside lung ultrasound exam) in dogs with radiographically normal lung findings","volume":"55","author":"Lisciandro GR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lisciandro GR, Fosgate GT, Fulton RM. Frequency and number of ultrasound lung rockets (B-lines) using a regionally based lung ultrasound examination named Vet BLUE (veterinary bedside lung ultrasound exam) in dogs with radiographically normal lung findings. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2014;55(3):315-322. doi:10.1111\/vru.12122"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref28","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"390","article-title":"Chronic primary splenic torsion with peritoneal adhesions in a dog: case report and literature review","volume":"36","author":"Weber NA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weber NA. Chronic primary splenic torsion with peritoneal adhesions in a dog: case report and literature review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2000;36(5):390-394. doi:10.5326\/15473317-36-5-390"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"131","article-title":"Resolution of severe thrombocytopenia in two Standard Poodles with surgical correction of splenic torsion","volume":"16","author":"Stoneham AE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stoneham AE, Henderson AK, O\u2019Toole TE. Resolution of severe thrombocytopenia in two Standard Poodles with surgical correction of splenic torsion. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2006;16(2):131-135. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2005.00164.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref30","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"527","article-title":"A case of splenic torsion with progressive anemia and thrombocytopenia","volume":"51","author":"Schnier LM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schnier LM. A case of splenic torsion with progressive anemia and thrombocytopenia. Can Vet J. 2010;51(5):527-529."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref31","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"541","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of 4 methods for outcome prediction in overt disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs (2009-2014): 804 cases","volume":"28","author":"Goggs R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goggs R, Mastrocco A, Brooks MB. Retrospective evaluation of 4 methods for outcome prediction in overt disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs (2009-2014): 804 cases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2018;28(6):541-550. doi:10.1111\/vec.12777"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"179","article-title":"Performance of 2 microtiter canine Coombs\u2019 tests","volume":"36","author":"Overmann JA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Overmann JA, Sharkey LC, Weiss DJ, Borjesson DL. Performance of 2 microtiter canine Coombs\u2019 tests. Vet Clin Pathol. 2007;36(2):179-183. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00205.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref33","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"886","article-title":"Anti-erythrocyte antibodies and disease associations in anemic and nonanemic dogs","volume":"22","author":"Morley P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morley P, Mathes M, Guth A, Dow S. Anti-erythrocyte antibodies and disease associations in anemic and nonanemic dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(4):886-892. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0112.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/9\/javma.24.03.0148.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/9\/javma.24.03.0148.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/9\/javma.24.03.0148.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T08:04:55Z","timestamp":1741334695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/9\/javma.24.03.0148.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.24.03.0148","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}}}