{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T08:11:10Z","timestamp":1747210270558,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":3,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To provide a video tutorial on how to perform preputial scraping for the testing of <jats:italic>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/jats:italic> in bulls.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Postpubertal bulls.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A preputial scraping device is inserted in the prepuce, and back-and-forth scraping movements are made to collect smegma and <jats:italic>T foetus<\/jats:italic> organisms. The sample is placed in an appropriate media and prepared for shipment to the diagnostic laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Preputial sampling is an effective method for diagnosing <jats:italic>T foetus<\/jats:italic> in infected bulls.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bulls are the primary carriers of <jats:italic>T foetus<\/jats:italic>, a protozoan parasite responsible for bovine trichomoniasis. By sampling and testing bulls, veterinarians can identify infected animals and implement control measures to prevent the spread of the disease within herds. Trichomoniasis can lead to significant reproductive problems in cattle, including infertility, embryonic death, and abortions. Sampling bulls allows for the detection of infection, enabling prompt intervention to protect the reproductive health of the entire herd. Trichomoniasis outbreaks can result in substantial economic losses for cattle producers due to reduced conception rates, increased calving intervals, and decreased calf crops. Sampling bulls helps to mitigate these losses by identifying and removing infected animals from the breeding pool, thereby minimizing the spread of the disease and its associated reproductive inefficiencies. In many regions, <jats:italic>T foetus<\/jats:italic> testing in bulls is a regulatory requirement for cattle movement and trade. Sampling bulls and obtaining negative test results are often necessary for obtaining health certificates and complying with interstate or international movement regulations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.04.0233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T16:56:31Z","timestamp":1723049791000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tritrichomonas foetus testing in bulls"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0096-5040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Koziol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weston","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"411","article-title":"Tritrichomonas foetus prevention and control in cattle","volume":"32","author":"Ondrak JD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ondrak JD. Tritrichomonas foetus prevention and control in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2016;32(2):411-423. doi:10.1016\/j.cvfa.2016.01.010"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"Clin Ther","first-page":"221","article-title":"Bovine trichomoniasis","volume":"13","author":"Ondrak J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ondrak J. Bovine trichomoniasis. Clin Ther. 2021;13(3):221-225. doi:10.5892\/ct.v13.9339"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Society for Theriogenology Manual for Breeding Soundness Examination of Bulls","author":"Koziol JH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koziol JH, Armstrong CL. Society for Theriogenology Manual for Breeding Soundness Examination of Bulls. 2nd ed. Society for Theriogenology; 2018."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.04.0233.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.04.0233.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.04.0233.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:09:49Z","timestamp":1741356589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.04.0233.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"references-count":3,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.24.04.0233","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}}}