{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:32:24Z","timestamp":1770964344571,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate the frequency at which cystine and urate cystoliths (stones) are visible on radiographs prior to surgical or nonsurgical retrieval.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Records of client-owned dogs (n = 331) were analyzed between January 2019 and December 2023 for cystoliths submitted for stone analysis after surgical removal or nonsurgical retrieval. Records were analyzed for cystolith type; when cystine or urate stones were identified, records were analyzed for signalment, procedure, presence of mineral opaque cystoliths on pre-procedural radiographs, urine pH and crystalluria, history of previous cystoliths, prior prescription diet attempt, recurrence, and genetic, congenital and acquired comorbidities. Descriptive statistics were generated after data collection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>31 of 331 (9%) were cystine stones, 49 of 331 (15%) were urate, and 1 of 331 (0.3%) was a mix of urate and cystine. When radiographs were taken prior to stone removal, 24 of 28 (85%) of urate, 24 of 26 (92%) of cystine, and 1 of 1 (100%) of urate\/cystine were visible on radiographs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cystine and urate stones are visible on survey radiography at a high frequency in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>While cystine and urate stones have been historically designated as radiolucent, they are frequently radiopaque on radiographs. Radiopacity is commonly used as one of the criterion to determine whether a dissolution or prevention diet is an appropriate management technique, particularly when determination of the stone type has yet to be performed. As a result, these findings may prompt clinicians to investigate other patient-specific factors before a specific dietary recommendation is made.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.05.0302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T17:38:12Z","timestamp":1722015492000},"page":"1338-1342","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cystine and urate cystoliths in dogs are frequently visible on radiographs prior to surgical or nonsurgical removal"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Camille","family":"Andrews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avin","family":"Arjoonsingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico R.","family":"Vilaplana Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","first-page":"4821","author":"Ettinger SJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, Cote E. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2019:4821-4836."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology","first-page":"272","author":"Chew DJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chew DJ, Dibartola SP, Schenck P. Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2011:272-305."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref3","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"2437","article-title":"Cystinuria in dogs and cats: what do we know after almost 200 years?","volume":"11","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edkov\u00e1 S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kova\u0159\u00edkov\u00e1 S, Mar\u0161\u00e1lek P, Vrbov\u00e1 K. Cystinuria in dogs and cats: what do we know after almost 200 years? 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Can Vet J. 2016;57(3):277-281."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.05.0302.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.05.0302.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.05.0302.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:10:03Z","timestamp":1741356603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.05.0302.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.24.05.0302","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}}}