{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:25:09Z","timestamp":1788942309309,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Acid-suppressant drugs (ASDs) have revolutionized the treatment of acid-related disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux and gastrointestinal ulceration in both human and veterinary species. However, continued advancement in this field is dependent on a shared understanding of both human and veterinary research as well as an appreciation for species similarities and differences. In this Currents in One Health article, we will compare the efficacy of and indications for ASDs in humans and small animals, noting species differences and knowledge gaps when applicable. We will also highlight areas where further research is needed, specifically emphasizing the need for more feline research and a better understanding of which diseases may benefit from gastroprotection. Finally, given the rising overuse of ASDs in both human and veterinary medicine, we will explore the known adverse effects of these drugs in dogs and cats. This article is focused on our current understanding of these drugs in veterinary medicine and their clinical implications. The companion Currents in One Health article by Gould et al, <jats:italic>AJVR<\/jats:italic>, October 2024, will explore the future of ASD research and use by evaluating these drugs\u2019 pH-independent effects in humans and rodent models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.07.0434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:21:49Z","timestamp":1724286109000},"page":"1305-1313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["From theory to therapy: a One Health approach guides current and future acid suppressant use in veterinary medicine"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Kylie","family":"Grady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8725-9530","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. Katherine","family":"Tolbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"900","article-title":"Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by omeprazole in the dog and rat","volume":"85","author":"Larsson H","year":"1983","unstructured":"Larsson H, Carlsson E, Junggren U,  Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by omeprazole in the dog and rat. Gastroenterology. 1983;85(4):900-907. doi:10.1016\/0016-5085(83)90442-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"Digestion","first-page":"139","article-title":"Effect of 7 years\u2019 daily oral administration of omeprazole to Beagle dogs","volume":"55","author":"S\u00e4fholm C","year":"1994","unstructured":"S\u00e4fholm C, Havu N, Forssell H, Sundell G, Mattsson H. Effect of 7 years\u2019 daily oral administration of omeprazole to Beagle dogs. Digestion. 1994;55(3):139-147. doi:10.1159\/000201139"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"X231201769","article-title":"Evaluation of gastroprotectant administration in hospitalized cats in a tertiary referral hospital","volume":"25","author":"Ullal TV","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ullal TV, Marks SL, Evenhuis JV, Figueroa ME, Pomerantz LK, Forsythe LR. Evaluation of gastroprotectant administration in hospitalized cats in a tertiary referral hospital. J Feline Med Surg. 2023;25(10):X231201769. doi:10.1177\/1098612X231201769"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1823","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement: support for rational administration of gastrointestinal protectants to dogs and cats","volume":"32","author":"Marks SL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marks SL, Kook PH, Papich MG, Tolbert MK, Willard MD. ACVIM consensus statement: support for rational administration of gastrointestinal protectants to dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(6):1823-1840. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15337"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1622","article-title":"Evaluation of proton pump inhibitor administration in hospitalized dogs in a tertiary referral hospital","volume":"36","author":"Duxbury S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duxbury S, Sorah E, Tolbert MK. Evaluation of proton pump inhibitor administration in hospitalized dogs in a tertiary referral hospital. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(5):1622-1627. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16491"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"70","article-title":"Survey-based analysis of current trends for prescribing gastrointestinal protectants among small-animal general practitioners in Portugal","volume":"8","author":"Baptista R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baptista R, Englar R, S\u00e3o Braz B, Leal RO. Survey-based analysis of current trends for prescribing gastrointestinal protectants among small-animal general practitioners in Portugal. Vet Sci. 2021;8(5):70. doi:10.3390\/vetsci8050070"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"689","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 perceptions of proton pump inhibitor risks and recommendations to discontinue: a national survey","volume":"115","author":"Kurlander JE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kurlander JE, Rubenstein JH, Richardson CR,  Physicians\u2019 perceptions of proton pump inhibitor risks and recommendations to discontinue: a national survey. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115(5):689-696. doi:10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000558"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"425","article-title":"Effects of ranitidine, famotidine, pantoprazole, and omeprazole on intragastric pH in dogs","volume":"66","author":"Bersenas AM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bersenas AM, Mathews KA, Allen DG, Conlon PD. Effects of ranitidine, famotidine, pantoprazole, and omeprazole on intragastric pH in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66(3):425-431. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.425"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1879","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the effect of PO administered acid suppressants on gastric pH in healthy cats","volume":"34","author":"Ryan P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ryan P, Odunayo A, Price J,  Comparative analysis of the effect of PO administered acid suppressants on gastric pH in healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(5):1879-1885. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15887"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"104","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of orally administered acid suppressants on intragastric pH in cats","volume":"29","author":"Parkinson S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parkinson S, Tolbert K, Messenger K,  Evaluation of the effect of orally administered acid suppressants on intragastric pH in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29(1):104-112. doi:10.1111\/jvim.12493"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1172023","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of esomeprazole in sheep after intravenous dosing","volume":"10","author":"Smith JS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith JS, Gebert J, Bennett K,  The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of esomeprazole in sheep after intravenous dosing. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1172023. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1172023"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"949","article-title":"Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole in alpacas","volume":"24","author":"Smith GW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith GW, Davis JL, Smith SM, Gerard MP, Campbell NB, Foster DM. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole in alpacas. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24(4):949-955. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0508.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1283","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of intravenous famotidine in adult cattle","volume":"32","author":"Balcomb CC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balcomb CC, Heller MC, Chigerwe M, Knych HK, Meyer AM. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of intravenous famotidine in adult cattle. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(3):1283-1289. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15080"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"779","article-title":"A prospective, placebo-controlled pilot evaluation of the effect of omeprazole on serum calcium, magnesium, cobalamin, gastrin concentrations, and bone in cats","volume":"30","author":"Gould E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gould E, Clements C, Reed A,  A prospective, placebo-controlled pilot evaluation of the effect of omeprazole on serum calcium, magnesium, cobalamin, gastrin concentrations, and bone in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(3):779-786. doi:10.1111\/jvim.13932"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"556","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous administration of combined acid suppressants in healthy dogs","volume":"29","author":"Tolbert MK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tolbert MK, Odunayo A, Howell RS, Peters EE, Reed A. Efficacy of intravenous administration of combined acid suppressants in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29(2):556-560. doi:10.1111\/jvim.12555"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"345","article-title":"Is there an optimal degree of acid suppression for healing of duodenal ulcers? A model of the relationship between ulcer healing and acid suppression","volume":"99","author":"Burget DW","year":"1990","unstructured":"Burget DW, Chiverton SG, Hunt RH. Is there an optimal degree of acid suppression for healing of duodenal ulcers? A model of the relationship between ulcer healing and acid suppression. Gastroenterology. 1990;99(2):345-351. doi:10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91015-x"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref17","series-title":"Digestion","first-page":"59","article-title":"Appropriate acid suppression for the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease","volume":"51","author":"Bell NJ","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bell NJ, Burget D, Howden CW, Wilkinson J, Hunt RH. Appropriate acid suppression for the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Digestion. 1992;51(suppl 1):59-67. doi:10.1159\/000200917"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","series-title":"Physiol Rev","first-page":"573","article-title":"The physiology of the gastric parietal cell","volume":"100","author":"Engevik AC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Engevik AC, Kaji I, Goldenring JR. The physiology of the gastric parietal cell. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(2):573-602. doi:10.1152\/physrev.00016.2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Int Med Res","first-page":"3000605221086457","article-title":"Antacids revisited: review on contemporary facts and relevance for self-management","volume":"50","author":"Garg V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garg V, Narang P, Taneja R. Antacids revisited: review on contemporary facts and relevance for self-management. J Int Med Res. 2022;50(3):3000605221086457. doi:10.1177\/03000605221086457"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"33","article-title":"Gastroprotective therapy","volume":"51","author":"Tolbert MK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tolbert MK. Gastroprotective therapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2021;51(1):33-41. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.09.001"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Statpearls [Internet]","article-title":"Misoprostol","author":"Krugh M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Krugh M, Patel P, Manni C. Misoprostol. In: Statpearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref22","series-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"231","article-title":"Effects of gastroprotectant drugs for the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer disease and its complications: a meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"3","author":"Scally B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scally B, Emberson JR, Spata E,  Effects of gastroprotectant drugs for the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer disease and its complications: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(4):231-241. doi:10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30037-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD002296","article-title":"Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers","volume":"2011","author":"Rostom A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rostom A, Dube C, Wells G,  Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;2011(4):CD002296. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD002296"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"282","article-title":"The effect of dosing interval on the efficacy of misoprostol in the prevention of aspirin-induced gastric injury","volume":"17","author":"Ward DM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ward DM, Leib MS, Johnston SA, Marini M. The effect of dosing interval on the efficacy of misoprostol in the prevention of aspirin-induced gastric injury. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17(3):282-290. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02449.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"33","article-title":"Gastric mucosal lesions in dogs with acute intervertebral disc disease: characterization and effects of omeprazole or misoprostol","volume":"14","author":"Neiger R","year":"2000","unstructured":"Neiger R, Gaschen F, Jaggy A. Gastric mucosal lesions in dogs with acute intervertebral disc disease: characterization and effects of omeprazole or misoprostol. J Vet Intern Med. 2000;14(1):33-36. doi:10.1892\/0891-6640(2000)014<0033:gmlidw>2.3.co;2"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"982","article-title":"Efficacy of misoprostol in prevention of gastric hemorrhage in dogs treated with high doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate","volume":"60","author":"Rohrer CR","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rohrer CR, Hill RC, Fischer A,  Efficacy of misoprostol in prevention of gastric hemorrhage in dogs treated with high doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60(8):982-985. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1999.60.08.982"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"27","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"117","author":"Katz PO","year":"2022","unstructured":"Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Greer KB, Yadlapati R, Spechler SJ. ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(1):27-56. doi:10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001538"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref28","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"763","article-title":"Nocturnal recovery of gastric acid secretion with twice-daily dosing of proton pump inhibitors","volume":"93","author":"Peghini PL","year":"1998","unstructured":"Peghini PL, Katz PO, Bracy NA, Castell DO. Nocturnal recovery of gastric acid secretion with twice-daily dosing of proton pump inhibitors. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93(5):763-767. doi:10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.221_a.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref29","series-title":"Drug Metab Dispos","first-page":"1407","article-title":"Effect of cimetidine on hepatic cytochrome P450: evidence for formation of a metabolite-intermediate complex","volume":"23","author":"Levine M","year":"1995","unstructured":"Levine M, Bellward GD. Effect of cimetidine on hepatic cytochrome P450: evidence for formation of a metabolite-intermediate complex. Drug Metab Dispos. 1995;23(12):1407-1411."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref30","series-title":"Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi","first-page":"1405","article-title":"The effect of intravenous cimetidine and histamine on splanchnic circulation in the dogs. Article in Japanese","volume":"90","author":"Sako J","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sako J, Yasuda Y. The effect of intravenous cimetidine and histamine on splanchnic circulation in the dogs. Article in Japanese. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 1993;90(5):1405-1415."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref31","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"840","article-title":"The effect of orally administered ranitidine and once-daily or twice-daily orally administered omeprazole on intragastric pH in cats","volume":"29","author":"\u0160utalo S","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u0160utalo S, Ruetten M, Hartnack S, Reusch CE, Kook PH. The effect of orally administered ranitidine and once-daily or twice-daily orally administered omeprazole on intragastric pH in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29(3):840-846. doi:10.1111\/jvim.12580"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"117","article-title":"Repeated famotidine administration results in a diminished effect on intragastric pH in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Tolbert MK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tolbert MK, Graham A, Odunayo A,  Repeated famotidine administration results in a diminished effect on intragastric pH in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(1):117-123. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14615"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref33","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1988","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of a famotidine continuous rate infusion on intragastric pH in healthy dogs","volume":"33","author":"Hedges K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hedges K, Odunayo A, Price JM, Hecht S, Tolbert MK. Evaluation of the effect of a famotidine continuous rate infusion on intragastric pH in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(5):1988-1994. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15558"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"544","article-title":"The frequency of oral famotidine administration influences its effect on gastric pH in cats over time","volume":"33","author":"Golly E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Golly E, Odunayo A, Daves M,  The frequency of oral famotidine administration influences its effect on gastric pH in cats over time. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(2):544-550. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15430"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref35","series-title":"Agents Actions","first-page":"188","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of famotidine on cat gastric secretion","volume":"19","author":"Coruzzi G","year":"1986","unstructured":"Coruzzi G, Bertaccini G, Noci MT, Dobrilla G. Inhibitory effect of famotidine on cat gastric secretion. Agents Actions. 1986;19(3-4):188-193. doi:10.1007\/BF01966205"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","series-title":"World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"57","article-title":"Histamine2-receptor antagonists: rapid development of tachyphylaxis with repeat dosing","volume":"5","author":"McRorie JW","year":"2014","unstructured":"McRorie JW, Kirby JA, Miner PB. Histamine2-receptor antagonists: rapid development of tachyphylaxis with repeat dosing. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2014;5(2):57-62. doi:10.4292\/wjgpt.v5.i2.57"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref37","series-title":"Intern J Innov Res Multidiscip Field","first-page":"192","article-title":"A comparison between proton pump inhibitors and receptor antagonist","volume":"3","author":"Joseph J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joseph J, Prejith PP. A comparison between proton pump inhibitors and receptor antagonist. Intern J Innov Res Multidiscip Field. 2017;3(3):192-195."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref38","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"345","article-title":"Management of patients with ulcer bleeding","volume":"107","author":"Laine L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laine L, Jensen DM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(3):345-360. doi:10.1038\/ajg.2011.480"},{"issue":"39","key":"ref39","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"e8120","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness and acceptability of the FDA-licensed proton pump inhibitors for erosive esophagitis: a PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Li MJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li MJ, Li Q, Sun M, Liu LQ. Comparative effectiveness and acceptability of the FDA-licensed proton pump inhibitors for erosive esophagitis: a PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(39):e8120. doi:10.1097\/MD.0000000000008120"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"41021","article-title":"Effectiveness and tolerability of different recommended doses of PPIs and H2RAs in GERD: network meta-analysis and GRADE system","volume":"7","author":"Zhang C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang C, Kwong JSW, Yuan RX,  Effectiveness and tolerability of different recommended doses of PPIs and H2RAs in GERD: network meta-analysis and GRADE system. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):41021. doi:10.1038\/srep41021"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"47","article-title":"Efficacy of oral famotidine and 2 omeprazole formulations for the control of intragastric pH in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Tolbert K","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tolbert K, Bissett S, King A,  Efficacy of oral famotidine and 2 omeprazole formulations for the control of intragastric pH in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(1):47-54. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0651.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref42","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"285","article-title":"Efficacy of omeprazole versus high-dose famotidine for prevention of exercise-induced gastritis in racing Alaskan sled dogs","volume":"24","author":"Williamson KK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williamson KK, Willard MD, Payton ME, Davis MS. Efficacy of omeprazole versus high-dose famotidine for prevention of exercise-induced gastritis in racing Alaskan sled dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24(2):285-288. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0454.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"887","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled crossover study for the effect of 10 mg omeprazole capsules on gastric pH in healthy dogs","volume":"35","author":"Gaier A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaier A, Price J, Grubb L, Fitzgerald S, Tolbert MK. A prospective, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled crossover study for the effect of 10 mg omeprazole capsules on gastric pH in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(2):887-891. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16061"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref44","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1416","article-title":"Evaluation of a long-acting injectable formulation of omeprazole in healthy dogs","volume":"36","author":"Odunayo A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Odunayo A, Galyon G, Price J, Hecht S, Tolbert MK. Evaluation of a long-acting injectable formulation of omeprazole in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(4):1416-1421. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16440"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref45","series-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol","first-page":"387","article-title":"Management of reflux-related symptoms","volume":"27","author":"Dutta U","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dutta U, Moayyedi P. Management of reflux-related symptoms. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;27(3):387-400. doi:10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.06.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref46","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"531","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous esomeprazole at 2 different dosages in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Seo DH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seo DH, Lee JB, Hwang JH,  Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous esomeprazole at 2 different dosages in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(2):531-535. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15383"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref47","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"678","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the effect of IV administered acid suppressants on gastric pH in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Kuhl A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuhl A, Odunayo A, Price J,  Comparative analysis of the effect of IV administered acid suppressants on gastric pH in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(2):678-683. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15718"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref48","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"743","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and acid suppressant efficacy of esomeprazole after intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous administration to healthy Beagle dogs","volume":"31","author":"Hwang JH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hwang JH, Jeong JW, Song GH, Koo TS, Seo KW. Pharmacokinetics and acid suppressant efficacy of esomeprazole after intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous administration to healthy Beagle dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(3):743-750. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14713"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref49","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1681","article-title":"Efficacy of omeprazole paste for prevention of gastric ulcers in horses in race training","volume":"226","author":"McClure SR","year":"2005","unstructured":"McClure SR, White GW, Sifferman RL,  Efficacy of omeprazole paste for prevention of gastric ulcers in horses in race training. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226(10):1681-1684. doi:10.2460\/javma.2005.226.1681"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref50","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1288","article-title":"European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement: equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult horses","volume":"29","author":"Sykes BW","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sykes BW, Hewetson M, Hepburn RJ, Luthersson N, Tamzali Y. European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement: equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29(5):1288-1299. doi:10.1111\/jvim.13578"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref51","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"539","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral omeprazole in llamas","volume":"28","author":"Poulsen KP","year":"2005","unstructured":"Poulsen KP, Smith GW, Davis JL, Papich MG. Pharmacokinetics of oral omeprazole in llamas. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2005;28(6):539-543. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2005.00696.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref52","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"730","article-title":"Research communications: pharmacodynamics of standard and low dose once daily esomeprazole in healthy, medium to large breed dogs","volume":"38","author":"Ostronic A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ostronic A, Zhang S, Gremillion C, Steiner J, Tolbert K, Gould E. Research communications: pharmacodynamics of standard and low dose once daily esomeprazole in healthy, medium to large breed dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38(1):730-863. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16930"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref53","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e040473","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor utilisation and potentially inappropriate prescribing analysis: insights from a single-centred retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Liu Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhu X, Li R, Zhang J, Zhang F. Proton pump inhibitor utilisation and potentially inappropriate prescribing analysis: insights from a single-centred retrospective study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e040473. doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040473"},{"key":"ref54","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1352496","article-title":"Prevalence and appropriateness of omeprazole prescription in dogs at a veterinary teaching hospital before and after the publication of the ACVIM consensus statement on the rational administration of gastrointestinal protectants","volume":"11","author":"Sainz \u00c1","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sainz \u00c1, Garc\u00eda-Sancho M, Villaescusa A,  Prevalence and appropriateness of omeprazole prescription in dogs at a veterinary teaching hospital before and after the publication of the ACVIM consensus statement on the rational administration of gastrointestinal protectants. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1352496. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2024.1352496"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors: use in adults","author":"Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Proton pump inhibitors: use in adults. Accessed May 7, 2024. https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/medicare-medicaid-coordination\/fraud-prevention\/medicaid-integrity-education\/pharmacy-education-materials\/downloads\/ppi-adult-factsheet11-14.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref56","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"518","article-title":"The influence of esomeprazole and cisapride on gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia in dogs","volume":"26","author":"Zacuto AC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zacuto AC, Marks SL, Osborn J,  The influence of esomeprazole and cisapride on gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2012;26(3):518-525. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00929.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref57","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"734","article-title":"Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in cats during anesthesia and effect of omeprazole on gastric pH","volume":"31","author":"Garcia RS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garcia RS, Belafsky PC, Della Maggiore A,  Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in cats during anesthesia and effect of omeprazole on gastric pH. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(3):734-742. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14704"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref58","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"2697","article-title":"Medical conditions associated with gastroduodenal ulceration or erosion in 168 dogs: 2008-2018","volume":"35","author":"Pavlova E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pavlova E, Gold RM, Tolbert MK, Lidbury JA. Medical conditions associated with gastroduodenal ulceration or erosion in 168 dogs: 2008-2018. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(6):2697-2704. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16275"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref59","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"27","article-title":"Gastroduodenal ulceration in cats: eight cases and a review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Liptak JM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liptak JM, Hunt GB, Barrs VRD,  Gastroduodenal ulceration in cats: eight cases and a review of the literature. J Feline Med Surg. 2002;4(1):27-42. doi:10.1053\/jfms.2001.0148"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref60","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Effects of ranitidine for exercise induced gastric mucosal changes and bleeding","volume":"12","author":"Choi SJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Choi SJ, Kim YS, Chae JR,  Effects of ranitidine for exercise induced gastric mucosal changes and bleeding. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(16):2579-2583. doi:10.3748\/wjg.v12.i16.2579"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref61","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"311","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs","volume":"17","author":"Davis MS","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davis MS, Willard MD, Nelson SL,  Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17(3):311-314. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02453.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref62","series-title":"Comp Exerc Physiol","first-page":"99","article-title":"Effect of simulated deployment patrols on gastric mucosa of explosive detection dogs","volume":"10","author":"Davis M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davis M, Willard M, Bowers D, Payton M. Effect of simulated deployment patrols on gastric mucosa of explosive detection dogs. Comp Exerc Physiol. 2014;10(2):99-103. doi:10.3920\/CEP14002"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref63","series-title":"Cancers (Basel)","first-page":"3316","article-title":"Gastrointestinal manifestations in systemic mastocytosis: the need of a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"13","author":"Zanelli M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zanelli M, Pizzi M, Sanguedolce F,  Gastrointestinal manifestations in systemic mastocytosis: the need of a multidisciplinary approach. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(13):3316. doi:10.3390\/cancers13133316"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref64","series-title":"Pathol Vet","first-page":"146","article-title":"Mastocytoma and gastroduodenal ulceration. Gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs with mastocytoma","volume":"6","author":"Howard EB","year":"1969","unstructured":"Howard EB, Sawa TR, Nielsen SW, Kenyon AJ. Mastocytoma and gastroduodenal ulceration. Gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs with mastocytoma. Pathol Vet. 1969;6(2):146-158. doi:10.1177\/030098586900600205"},{"key":"ref65","series-title":"Withrow and MacEwen\u2019s Small Animal Clinical Oncology","first-page":"382","article-title":"Mast cell tumors","author":"London CA","year":"2019","unstructured":"London CA, Thamm DH. Mast cell tumors. In: Withrow and MacEwen\u2019s Small Animal Clinical Oncology. Elsevier; 2019:382-403. doi:10.1016\/B978-1-4377-2362-5.00020-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref66","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"523","article-title":"Packed red blood cell transfusions in dogs with gastrointestinal hemorrhage: 55 cases (1999-2001)","volume":"39","author":"Waldrop JE","year":"2003","unstructured":"Waldrop JE, Rozanski EA, Freeman LM, Rush JE. Packed red blood cell transfusions in dogs with gastrointestinal hemorrhage: 55 cases (1999-2001). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2003;39(6):523-527. doi:10.5326\/0390523"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref67","series-title":"Med J Aust","first-page":"43","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the management of adult immune thrombocytopenia in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"216","author":"Choi PYI","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi PYI, Merriman E, Bennett A,  Consensus guidelines for the management of adult immune thrombocytopenia in Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust. 2022;216(1):43-52. doi:10.5694\/mja2.51284"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref68","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"346","article-title":"Treatment and predictors of outcome in dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia","volume":"238","author":"O\u2019Marra SK","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Marra SK, Delaforcade AM, Shaw SP. Treatment and predictors of outcome in dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011;238(3):346-352. doi:10.2460\/javma.238.3.346"},{"issue":"6 suppl","key":"ref69","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"S351","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the upper gastrointestinal tract in the critically ill patient: rationale for the therapeutic benefits of acid suppression","volume":"30","author":"Fennerty MB","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fennerty MB. Pathophysiology of the upper gastrointestinal tract in the critically ill patient: rationale for the therapeutic benefits of acid suppression. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(6 suppl):S351-S355. doi:10.1097\/00003246-200206001-00002"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref70","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1958","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats","volume":"38","author":"LeVine DN","year":"2024","unstructured":"LeVine DN, Kidd L, Garden OA,  ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38(4):1958-1981. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16996"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref71","series-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol","first-page":"206","article-title":"Management of variceal and nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"7","author":"Cremers I","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cremers I, Ribeiro S. Management of variceal and nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2014;7(5):206-216. doi:10.1177\/1756283X14538688"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref72","series-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"257","article-title":"Deleterious effect of proton pump inhibitors on the disease course of cirrhosis","volume":"32","author":"Janka T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Janka T, Tornai T, Borb\u00e9ly B,  Deleterious effect of proton pump inhibitors on the disease course of cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;32(2):257-264. doi:10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001499"},{"key":"ref73","series-title":"EClinicalMedicine","first-page":"101924","article-title":"Investigating potential confounding by indication when considering the association between proton pump inhibitor use, infection, hepatic encephalopathy and mortality in hospitalised decompensated cirrhosis: a post-hoc analysis of the ATTIRE trial","volume":"58","author":"China L","year":"2023","unstructured":"China L, Tittanegro T, Crocombe D,  Investigating potential confounding by indication when considering the association between proton pump inhibitor use, infection, hepatic encephalopathy and mortality in hospitalised decompensated cirrhosis: a post-hoc analysis of the ATTIRE trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;58:101924. doi:10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101924"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref74","series-title":"Hepatology","first-page":"1180","article-title":"AASLD Practice Guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis","volume":"79","author":"Kaplan DE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaplan DE, Ripoll C, Thiele M,  AASLD Practice Guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2024;79(5):1180-1211. doi:10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000647"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref75","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"238","article-title":"Gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs. Retrospective study of 43 cases and literature review","volume":"3","author":"Stanton ME","year":"1989","unstructured":"Stanton ME, Bright RM. Gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs. Retrospective study of 43 cases and literature review. J Vet Intern Med. 1989;3(4):238-244. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1989.tb00863.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref76","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"986","article-title":"Gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs with liver disease","volume":"36","author":"O\u2019Kell AL","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Kell AL, Gallagher AE, Cooke KL. Gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs with liver disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(3):986-992. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16413"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref77","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"78","article-title":"Endovascular evaluation and treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 100 cases (2001-2011)","volume":"244","author":"Weisse C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weisse C, Berent AC, Todd K, Solomon JA, Cope C. Endovascular evaluation and treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 100 cases (2001-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2014;244(1):78-94. doi:10.2460\/javma.244.1.78"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref78","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"493","article-title":"Esophageal varices in dogs: a retrospective case series","volume":"36","author":"Slead TS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Slead TS, Gremillion CL, Cohen EB, Tolbert MK. Esophageal varices in dogs: a retrospective case series. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(2):493-499. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16355"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref79","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"586","article-title":"Double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial of prophylactic omeprazole in dogs treated surgically for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion","volume":"37","author":"Mehra JM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mehra JM, Tolbert MK, Guadiano P, Steiner JM, Moore GE, Lewis MJ. Double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial of prophylactic omeprazole in dogs treated surgically for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. J Vet Intern Med. 2023;37(2):586-597. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16642"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref80","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"385","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial comparing the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal adverse events in dogs with cancer treated with piroxicam alone or in combination with omeprazole or famotidine","volume":"259","author":"Shaevitz MH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaevitz MH, Moore GE, Fulkerson CM. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial comparing the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal adverse events in dogs with cancer treated with piroxicam alone or in combination with omeprazole or famotidine. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2021;259(4):385-391. doi:10.2460\/javma.259.4.385"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref81","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1886","article-title":"The effect of combined carprofen and omeprazole administration on gastrointestinal permeability and inflammation in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Jones SM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones SM, Gaier A, Enomoto H,  The effect of combined carprofen and omeprazole administration on gastrointestinal permeability and inflammation in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(5):1886-1893. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15897"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref82","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"465","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and gastrointestinal effects of administration of prednisone, prednisone with omeprazole, or prednisone with probiotics to dogs: a double-blind randomized trial","volume":"37","author":"Rak MB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rak MB, Moyers TD, Price JM, Whittemore JC. Clinicopathologic and gastrointestinal effects of administration of prednisone, prednisone with omeprazole, or prednisone with probiotics to dogs: a double-blind randomized trial. J Vet Intern Med. 2023;37(2):465-475. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16672"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref83","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1432","article-title":"Aluminum toxicity following administration of aluminum-based phosphate binders in 2 dogs with renal failure","volume":"22","author":"Segev G","year":"2008","unstructured":"Segev G, Bandt C, Francey T, Cowgill LD. Aluminum toxicity following administration of aluminum-based phosphate binders in 2 dogs with renal failure. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(6):1432-1435. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0206.x"},{"key":"ref84","series-title":"Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs Small and Large Animal","first-page":"310","article-title":"Famotidine","author":"Papich M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Papich M. Famotidine. Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs Small and Large Animal. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2016:310-311."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref85","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"163","article-title":"Efficacy of omeprazole for the prevention of exercise-induced gastritis in racing Alaskan sled dogs","volume":"17","author":"Davis MS","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davis MS, Willard MD, Nelson SL,  Efficacy of omeprazole for the prevention of exercise-induced gastritis in racing Alaskan sled dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17(2):163-166. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02428.x"},{"issue":"41","key":"ref86","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"80","article-title":"Treatment with histamine-type 2 receptor antagonists and omeprazole increase the risk of diarrhoea in neonatal foals treated in intensive care units","volume":"44","author":"Furr M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Furr M, Cohen ND, Axon JE,  Treatment with histamine-type 2 receptor antagonists and omeprazole increase the risk of diarrhoea in neonatal foals treated in intensive care units. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2012;44(41):80-86. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00499.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref87","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"2109","article-title":"Effect of esomeprazole with and without a probiotic on fecal dysbiosis, intestinal inflammation, and fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in healthy dogs","volume":"37","author":"McAtee R","year":"2023","unstructured":"McAtee R, Schmid SM, Tolbert MK, Hetzel S, Suchodolski JS, Pritchard JC. Effect of esomeprazole with and without a probiotic on fecal dysbiosis, intestinal inflammation, and fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2023;37(6):2109-2118. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16886"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref88","series-title":"Digestion","first-page":"195","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis secondary to proton-pump inhibitor use","volume":"97","author":"Naito Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Naito Y, Kashiwagi K, Takagi T, Andoh A, Inoue R. Intestinal dysbiosis secondary to proton-pump inhibitor use. Digestion. 2018;97(2):195-204. doi:10.1159\/000481813"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref89","series-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol","first-page":"624","article-title":"Effect of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole on the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota of healthy dogs","volume":"80","author":"Garcia-Mazcorro JF","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Suchodolski JS, Jones KR,  Effect of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole on the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota of healthy dogs. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2012;80(3):624-636. doi:10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2012.01331.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref90","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"356","article-title":"Impact of concurrent treatment with omeprazole on phenylbutazone-induced equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS)","volume":"53","author":"Ricord M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ricord M, Andrews FM, Y\u00f1iguez FJM,  Impact of concurrent treatment with omeprazole on phenylbutazone-induced equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Equine Vet J. 2021;53(2):356-363. doi:10.1111\/evj.13323"},{"key":"ref91","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"79","article-title":"Omeprazole minimally alters the fecal microbial community in six cats: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Schmid SM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmid SM, Suchodolski JS, Price JM, Tolbert MK. Omeprazole minimally alters the fecal microbial community in six cats: a pilot study. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:79. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2018.00079"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref92","series-title":"Drug Saf","first-page":"201","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic drug interaction profiles of proton pump inhibitors: an update","volume":"37","author":"Wedemeyer RS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wedemeyer RS, Blume H. Pharmacokinetic drug interaction profiles of proton pump inhibitors: an update. Drug Saf. 2014;37(4):201-211. doi:10.1007\/s40264-014-0144-0"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref93","series-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol","first-page":"337","article-title":"An update on drug-drug interactions associated with proton pump inhibitors","volume":"18","author":"Ben Ghezala I","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ben Ghezala I, Luu M, Bardou M. An update on drug-drug interactions associated with proton pump inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2022;18(5):337-346. doi:10.1080\/17425255.2022.2098107"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref94","series-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos","first-page":"77","article-title":"Influence of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in healthy volunteers","volume":"23","author":"Kang BC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kang BC, Yang CQ, Cho HK, Suh OK, Shin WG. Influence of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in healthy volunteers. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2002;23(2):77-81. doi:10.1002\/bdd.291"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref95","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"821","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor and histamine-2 receptor antagonist use and iron deficiency","volume":"152","author":"Lam JR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lam JR, Schneider JL, Quesenberry CP, Corley DA. Proton pump inhibitor and histamine-2 receptor antagonist use and iron deficiency. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(4):821-829.e1. doi:10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.023"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref96","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"130","article-title":"The effects of clopidogrel and omeprazole on platelet function in normal dogs","volume":"40","author":"Thames BE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thames BE, Lovvorn J, Papich MG,  The effects of clopidogrel and omeprazole on platelet function in normal dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2017;40(2):130-139. doi:10.1111\/jvp.12340"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref97","series-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med","first-page":"541","article-title":"Side effects of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors: practical considerations","volume":"131","author":"Castellana C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castellana C, Pecere S, Furnari M,  Side effects of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors: practical considerations. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2021;131(6):541-549. doi:10.20452\/pamw.15997"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref98","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Prospective randomized controlled clinical trial of the long-term effects of omeprazole on healthy dogs","volume":"14","author":"Gil-Vicente L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gil-Vicente L, Mart\u00edn G, Soler C, Vila A, Saiz MR, Navarro PF. Prospective randomized controlled clinical trial of the long-term effects of omeprazole on healthy dogs. Animals (Basel). 2024;14(8):1168. doi:10.3390\/ani14081168"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref99","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1537","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of medium-term (57-day) omeprazole administration and of omeprazole discontinuation on serum gastrin and serum chromogranin A concentrations in the horse","volume":"37","author":"Clark B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Clark B, Steel C, Vokes J,  Evaluation of the effects of medium-term (57-day) omeprazole administration and of omeprazole discontinuation on serum gastrin and serum chromogranin A concentrations in the horse. J Vet Intern Med. 2023;37(4):1537-1543. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16795"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref100","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"80","article-title":"Proton-pump inhibitor therapy induces acid-related symptoms in healthy volunteers after withdrawal of therapy","volume":"137","author":"Reimer C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reimer C, S\u00f8ndergaard B, Hilsted L, Bytzer P. Proton-pump inhibitor therapy induces acid-related symptoms in healthy volunteers after withdrawal of therapy. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(1):80-87, 87.e1. doi:10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.058"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref101","series-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy","volume":"24","author":"Jalving M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jalving M, Koornstra JJ, Wesseling J, Boezen HM, de Jong S, Kleibeuker JH. Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24(9):1341-1348. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03127.x"},{"key":"ref102","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1287335","article-title":"Case report: fundic gland polyps caused by long-term omeprazole use in a Maltese dog","volume":"10","author":"Lee H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee H, Kim S, Lee D,  Case report: fundic gland polyps caused by long-term omeprazole use in a Maltese dog. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1287335. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1287335"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.07.0434.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.07.0434.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.07.0434.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:08:52Z","timestamp":1741356532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/10\/javma.24.07.0434.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.24.07.0434","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}}}