{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:36:57Z","timestamp":1788568617253,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine the prevalence of undiagnosed malignant neoplasms in a cohort of healthy middle-aged to older dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Healthy, client-owned dogs between the ages of 5.5 and 11.5 years and of mixed breed or breeds overrepresented for death due to cancer were screened for eligibility to participate in the Vaccination Against Canine Cancer Study at 3 study sites from May 6, 2019, to June 21, 2022. Physical examination with rectal evaluation and aspiration cytology of dermal and subcutaneous masses, CBC, biochemical profile, urinalysis, 3-view thoracic radiographs, and abdominal ultrasound were performed to identify occult cancer or other serious disease in all patients prior to study enrollment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>902 dogs were screened for participation in the Vaccination Against Canine Cancer Study. At the time of screening, 24 dogs (2.7%) were diagnosed with cancer, while another 30 dogs (3.3%) had abnormalities identified for which malignant neoplasia could not be ruled out but was not definitively confirmed. The prevalence of confirmed cancer in this population was 2.7% and 6.0% when cases in which malignant neoplasia was suspected were included. For the 24 dogs definitively diagnosed with cancer, the diagnosis was made on the basis of physical examination with aspiration cytology of a dermal or subcutaneous mass for 20 dogs (83%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Routine physical examination was able to detect the majority of the malignant tumors in this population of dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A thorough physical examination, including rectal examination, with aspiration cytology of dermal or subcutaneous lesions is a critical component of cancer screening for middle-aged and older dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.07.0463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T16:28:10Z","timestamp":1732292890000},"page":"492-498","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Low prevalence of occult cancer diagnosis when screening healthy, higher-risk, middle-aged to older dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1895-8298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jenna H.","family":"Burton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Vail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Willcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Al-Nadaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Adrianowycz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubi","family":"Hayim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Magee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Marie","family":"Picone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Ralston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Center for Clinical Trials, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Uyehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Albert","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calviri Inc, Phoenix, AZ"},{"name":"Center for Innovations in Medicine, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8914-7767","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Douglas H.","family":"Thamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"National Cancer Institute","article-title":"PDQ cancer screening overview","author":"PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board","unstructured":"PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. 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Mortality in North American dogs from 1984 to 2004: an investigation into age-, size-, and breed-related causes of death. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(2):187-198. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0695.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1625","article-title":"Prognostic factors associated with survival two years after surgery in dogs with malignant mammary tumors: 79 cases (1998-2002)","volume":"227","author":"Chang SC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chang SC, Chang CC, Chang TJ, Wong ML. Prognostic factors associated with survival two years after surgery in dogs with malignant mammary tumors: 79 cases (1998-2002). 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