{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:43:59Z","timestamp":1792813439985,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate the sedation quality of an IM injection of a commercially available medetomidine-vatinoxan combination (ZEN) in healthy goats and sheep and discern species differences in cardiopulmonary parameters.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>10 apparently healthy adult university-owned research Black Bengal\u2013crossbreed goats and 10 adult Gulf Coast native and Katahdin sheep were enrolled in this prospective experimental study from June 27 to July 27, 2023. All animals were sedated on 1 occasion with 0.06 mL of ZEN\/kg, IM (0.03 mg of medetomidine\/kg and 0.6 mg of vatinoxan hydrochloride\/kg). Cardiopulmonary variables including heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and arterial blood gas parameters were recorded along with sedation depth and duration. Any animals still sedated after 150 minutes received 0.01 mg of atipamezole\/kg. <\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean \u00b1 SD of the total sedation time for sheep and goats was 102.80 \u00b1 10.90 minutes and 133.50 \u00b1 32.63 minutes, respectively. Profound reliable sedation was achieved in all but 1 animal. Hypoxemia was observed in sheep and goats (11 of 20 animals total). Hypotension was seen in 3 of 10 goats.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In sheep and goats, ZEN at 0.06 mL\/kg, IM, caused profound sedation. Total sedation time was significantly longer in goats than in sheep.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the presence of oxygen supplementation, ZEN at 0.06 mL\/kg, IM, may be an acceptable sedation choice for apparently healthy Gulf Coast native and Katahdin sheep, but not goats; however, preexisting hypokalemia or pulmonary disease are contraindications for the use of ZEN in sheep.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.08.0497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T16:58:11Z","timestamp":1729875491000},"page":"106-112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intramuscular injection of a commercially available medetomidine\u2013vatinoxan hydrochloride mixture produces reliable sedation in sheep and goats with varying cardiopulmonary effects"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Alaina A.","family":"Kuehr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J. T.","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Chi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Benton-Levith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare M.","family":"Scully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9644-7576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeannette","family":"Cremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","first-page":"9","article-title":"Characterization of the selectivity, specificity and potency of medetomidine as an \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonist","volume":"150","author":"Virtanen R","year":"1988","unstructured":"Virtanen R, Savola J-M, Saano V, Nyman L. 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Accessed September 16, 2024."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/1\/javma.24.08.0497.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/1\/javma.24.08.0497.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/1\/javma.24.08.0497.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T15:08:31Z","timestamp":1741360111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/1\/javma.24.08.0497.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.24.08.0497","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}}}