{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:53:46Z","timestamp":1783112026994,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Rabies is a fatal encephalitic disease affecting all mammals. This report describes identification of raccoon rabies virus variant isolated from a stray kitten in an urban Midwestern city that is nonendemic for this virus variant. The kitten originally presented with nonspecific neurologic abnormalities. Astute veterinary, wildlife, and public health professionals played a critical role in the identification of this fatal zoonotic disease and the extensive public health and wildlife management response that ensued. This case serves as an important reminder of the risk of rabies in unvaccinated animals or those without known vaccination status, including stray animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.08.0542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T21:49:56Z","timestamp":1731966596000},"page":"149-152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Identification of raccoon rabies virus variant in a stray kitten: the role of veterinary practitioners in detection and reporting of a non-native zoonotic pathogen\u2014Nebraska, 2023"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-2726","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ann","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma R.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney R.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Beron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Divis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lone Tree Animal Care Center, Omaha, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Mix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VCA Animal Medical Center of Omaha, Omaha, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy R.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, Concord, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, Concord, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad T.","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Douglas County Health Department, Omaha, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Fredrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Douglas County Health Department, Omaha, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Huse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Douglas County Health Department, Omaha, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Humane Society, Omaha, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duan S.","family":"Loy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Loy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clint N.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio E.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"Department of Health and Human Services, US Public Health Service, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Shelus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal M.","family":"Gigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina L.","family":"Hutson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian A.","family":"Orciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1830-1357","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine","family":"Swedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Boutelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, Concord, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"Department of Health and Human Services, US Public Health Service, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan F.","family":"Buss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, NE"},{"name":"Department of Health and Human Services, US Public Health Service, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"327","article-title":"Rabies re-examined","volume":"2","author":"Rupprecht CE","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA, Hemachudha T. Rabies re-examined. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2(6):327-343. doi:10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00287-6"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2021","volume":"261","author":"Ma X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma X, Bonaparte S, Corbett P,  Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2021. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(7):1045-1053. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.02.0081"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"540","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006","volume":"231","author":"Blanton JD","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blanton JD, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht CE. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;231(4):540-556. doi:10.2460\/javma.231.4.540"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1849","article-title":"Enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, United States","volume":"14","author":"Velasco-Villa A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Velasco-Villa A, Reeder SA, Orciari LA,  Enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(12):1849-1854. doi:10.3201\/eid1412.080876"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"785","article-title":"Evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995-2003","volume":"227","author":"Sidwa TJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sidwa TJ, Wilson PJ, Moore GM,  Evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995-2003. 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Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(8):1201-1208. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciad098"},{"issue":"42","key":"ref7","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"1174","article-title":"Translocation of a stray cat infected with rabies from North Carolina to a terrestrial rabies-free county in Ohio, 2017","volume":"67","author":"Singh AJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh AJ, Chipman RB, de Fijter S,  Translocation of a stray cat infected with rabies from North Carolina to a terrestrial rabies-free county in Ohio, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(42):1174-1177. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm6742a2"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Merck Veterinary Manual","article-title":"Rabies in animals","author":"Rupprecht CE","unstructured":"Rupprecht CE. Rabies in animals. Merck Veterinary Manual. Reviewed\/revised August 2023. Accessed February 13, 2024. https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/nervous-system\/rabies\/rabies-in-animals"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"585","article-title":"Feline rabies: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management","volume":"11","author":"Frymus T","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frymus T, Addie D, Bel\u00e1k S,  Feline rabies: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg. 2009;11(7):585-593. doi:10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.007"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"USA Today","article-title":"This rabies strain was never west of the Appalachians, until a stray kitten showed up in Nebraska","author":"Encinas A","unstructured":"Encinas A. This rabies strain was never west of the Appalachians, until a stray kitten showed up in Nebraska. USA Today. November 28, 2023. 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