{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:16:07Z","timestamp":1790028967055,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":4,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To provide a video tutorial on the diagnostic ultrasound approach to the medial compartment of the canine shoulder and provide comparisons of normal and pathological images with corresponding MRI.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dogs undergoing diagnostic ultrasound of the medial shoulder. <\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The medial shoulder was positioned in flexion with external rotation to allow transducer access, clipped, and scrubbed with dilute chlorhexidine. A 2- to 14-MHz linear array probe with a footprint of 50 mm (V8 ultrasound system; Samsung) was used to visualize the medial glenohumeral ligament (MGL), subscapularis, and coracobrachialis with coupling gel, confirmed by cadaveric ultrasound-guided dye injection and dissection. Ultrasound and corresponding MRI were then used to contrast normal anatomy to a live sedated dog with clinical subscapularis tendinopathy and MGL desmopathy. Proton density\u2013weighted MRI sequences (1.5T Vantage Orian; Canon) using a flex coil were able to identify all 3 structures and corresponded to ultrasound findings for normal and pathological anatomy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Diagnostic ultrasound identified normal and abnormal structures of the medial shoulder (coracobrachialis, subscapularis, and MGL). All imaging correlated well to MRI.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Medial compartment disease of the shoulder is a well-described cause of canine lameness, but diagnosis has traditionally relied on MRI or arthroscopy. Prior ultrasound approaches did not distinguish MGL components, failed to consistently identify normal or surgically transected ligaments, and have not been studied in vivo. Our approach is different and can play an important role in diagnosing medial compartment lesions, as it possesses greater anatomical visualization than arthroscopy and is noninvasive, accomplished with sedation, and relatively accessible and affordable.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.08.0557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T16:59:16Z","timestamp":1730307556000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ultrasonographic approach to visualize the medial shoulder compartment and diagnose medial glenohumeral ligament and subscapularis lesions in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Porter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","series-title":"VCOT Open","first-page":"e107","article-title":"Medial shoulder instability: prevalence and treatment outcomes in 17 Poodles and 31 dogs of other breeds","volume":"06","author":"Woolley ELE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Woolley ELE, Collyer TA, Finch SJ, House AK. Medial shoulder instability: prevalence and treatment outcomes in 17 Poodles and 31 dogs of other breeds. VCOT Open. 2023;06(02):e107-e113. doi:10.1055\/s-0043-1774372"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"461","article-title":"Comparison of classic and needle arthroscopy to diagnose canine medial shoulder instability: 31 cases","volume":"62","author":"Von Pfeil DJF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Von Pfeil DJF, Megliola S, Horstman C, Tan D, Glassman M. Comparison of classic and needle arthroscopy to diagnose canine medial shoulder instability: 31 cases. Can Vet J. 2021;62(5):461-468."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"306","article-title":"Pilot study of the ultrasonographic examination of the intact and transected medial glenohumeral ligament in dogs","volume":"64","author":"Gemignani F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gemignani F, Harel M, Livet V,  Pilot study of the ultrasonographic examination of the intact and transected medial glenohumeral ligament in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2023;64(2):306-313. doi:10.1111\/vru.13164"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"37","article-title":"Quantification of the field of view for standard lateral arthroscopy of the canine shoulder","volume":"37","author":"Holman SN","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holman SN, Schaefer SL. Quantification of the field of view for standard lateral arthroscopy of the canine shoulder. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2024;37(1):37-42. doi:10.1055\/s-0043-1773766"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/3\/javma.24.08.0557.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/3\/javma.24.08.0557.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/3\/javma.24.08.0557.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T16:21:01Z","timestamp":1741364461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/3\/javma.24.08.0557.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"references-count":4,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.24.08.0557","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}}}