{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:15:36Z","timestamp":1781345736992,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine the prevalence of vitamin E deficiency in horses at admission and at the time of discharge. The hypothesis was that vitamin E concentrations would decrease during hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A prospective cohort study was performed of client-owned horses admitted as patients or companions through the emergency service at a tertiary referral center. Exclusion criteria included vitamin E supplementation. Whole blood was collected into an additive-free tube at the time of admission for all horses and at discharge if the horse was hospitalized for a minimum of 5 days. Serum vitamin E concentration was obtained with high-performance liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed with mixed-effects linear regression and the Spearman rank correlation for confounding factors. <\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 12.7% of horses were deficient at admission, including 16.5% of adults and 5.5% of foals (&lt; 3 months old). Of horses hospitalized for a minimum of 5 days, 6.7% were deficient at the time of discharge, including 0% of foals and 10% of adults. Duration of hospitalization had no significant effect on vitamin E concentration when all patients were considered. <\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Vitamin E deficiency is prevalent in horses. Horses admitted to the hospital do not require vitamin E supplementation to maintain adequate concentrations. <\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Approximately 1 in 6 horses presented to the emergency service were deficient in vitamin E. Vitamin E concentrations should be measured routinely in horses and supplemented if indicated by the presence of deficiency or the patient\u2019s underlying disease pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.09.0590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T14:34:41Z","timestamp":1738334081000},"page":"604-611","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vitamin E concentrations in hospitalized adult horses and foals"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5605-5639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan G.","family":"Palmisano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah F.","family":"Colmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih Ling","family":"Saw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darko","family":"Stefanovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","series-title":"IUBMB Life","first-page":"424","article-title":"Vitamin E: mechanism of transport and regulation in the CNS","volume":"71","author":"Lee P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee P, Ulatowski LM. 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