{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T03:10:01Z","timestamp":1742872201596,"version":"3.40.2"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine whether the site of administration of xylazine alters its impact on lidocaine\u2019s duration of action when administered as a distal paravertebral block (DPV) in steers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>6 healthy steers were used. Unilateral DPVs were performed at L1, L2, and L4. Each steer received 2 treatments in a blinded random crossover study. The local xylazine treatment group received 6 mg of lidocaine\/kg mixed with 0.02 mg of xylazine\/kg as a DPV, followed by an injection of 0.9% NaCl in the cervical musculature. The systemic xylazine treatment group received 6 mg of lidocaine\/kg as a DPV and 0.02 mg of xylazine\/kg in the cervical musculature. Sensation was assessed by response to needle pricks along the paralumbar fossa with a 22-gauge hypodermic needle. The time of onset, duration of action, sedation score, and heart rate were compared between treatments. Data are reported as mean \u00b1 SD. This study was completed over a 2-week period in May 2023. <\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The duration of anesthesia was significantly prolonged after DPV in steers treated with local xylazine (186.7 \u00b1 58.7 minutes) compared to systemic xylazine (95 \u00b1 36.3 minutes). Both treatments were associated with mild decreases in heart rate and sedation but were not significantly different between groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The addition of xylazine to lidocaine when administered as a DPV provides a longer duration of anesthesia than when xylazine is administered at a distant site to local anesthetic solution deposition. <\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The combination of lidocaine and xylazine when administered as a DPV prolongs the duration of action of lidocaine and is a practical, inexpensive technique.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.09.0610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T13:50:50Z","timestamp":1738763450000},"page":"468-472","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distal paravertebral block anesthesia with a mixture of lidocaine and xylazine has a longer duration than a lidocaine block coupled with intramuscular xylazine in steers"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Kelley M.","family":"Varner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Keefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Mooring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K. R. Love Quantitative Consulting and Collaboration, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"article-title":"July 1 US cattle inventory. USDA. July 22, 2022","author":"National Agriculture Statistics Service","key":"ref1","unstructured":"National Agriculture Statistics Service. July 1 US cattle inventory. USDA. July 22, 2022. Accessed August 1, 2024. https:\/\/downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu\/usda-esmis\/files\/h702q636h\/tq57pz24k\/cz30r103f\/catl0722.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"Theriogenology","first-page":"589","article-title":"Fertility, production and culling following cesarean section in dairy cattle","volume":"38","author":"Barkema HW","year":"1992","unstructured":"Barkema HW, Schukken YH, Guard CL, Brand A, van der Weyden GC. Fertility, production and culling following cesarean section in dairy cattle. 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