{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:51:13Z","timestamp":1782463873174,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Egg binding is a common and potentially life-threatening disorder in avian species. The aim of this study was to analyze the success rate and associated complications of different treatment approaches for egg binding in parrots.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All parrots treated in an avian-exclusive veterinary practice for egg binding during an 11-year period (2009 to 2020) were eligible for inclusion in this retrospective study. The primary outcome of the study was resolution of egg binding, defined as removal or laying of the egg and survival at 7 days from presentation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the 150 events that had complete follow-up, 109 (72.7%) resulted in a successful outcome. A successful outcome was observed in 44 of 133 events (33.1%) that were initially managed medically without resorting to additional treatment strategies, in 31 events (86.1%) managed with mechanical assistance, in 20 events (60.6%) managed surgically, and in 12 events (85.7%) managed with ovocentesis. Time from presentation to resolution was a median of 36 hours (range, 1 to 240 hours; n = 119). Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated associations between higher body weight, administration of medical treatment and mechanical assistance, absence of administration of sedation or anesthesia, and absence of obtundation or stupor on presentation with a positive outcome.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, egg binding has a favorable outcome if multiple treatment strategies in addition to medical management are considered.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We identified factors associated with resolution and outlined complications of egg binding in parrots, laying the foundation for additional prospective research on this complex condition.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.11.0749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T13:39:02Z","timestamp":1739367542000},"page":"628-634","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Resolution of egg binding is possible in most client-owned parrots when multiple treatment strategies are considered"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Vavlas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Galusha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Speer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Di Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"673","article-title":"Surgery of the avian reproductive and gastrointestinal systems","volume":"3","author":"Jenkins JR","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jenkins JR. Surgery of the avian reproductive and gastrointestinal systems. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2000;3(3):673-692, vi. doi:10.1016\/S1094-9194(17)30069-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"513","article-title":"Common emergencies in pet birds","volume":"19","author":"Stout JD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stout JD. Common emergencies in pet birds. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2016;19(2):513-541. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2016.01.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"485","article-title":"Reproductive disorders in parrots","volume":"20","author":"Scagnelli AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scagnelli AM, Tully TN Jr. Reproductive disorders in parrots. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2017;20(2):485-507. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2016.11.012"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Clinical Avian Medicine","author":"Harrison GJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harrison GJ, Lightfoot T. Clinical Avian Medicine. Spix Publishing; 2006."},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians","first-page":"7","article-title":"Clinical approach to egg binding: clinical management of female psittacine birds in reproductive distress","author":"Brown C","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown C. Clinical approach to egg binding: clinical management of female psittacine birds in reproductive distress. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians. Association of Avian Veterinarians; 2007:7-14."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"511","article-title":"Egg binding in a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)","volume":"9","author":"Clayton LA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clayton LA, Ritzman TK. Egg binding in a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2006;9(3):511-518. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2006.05.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Med Rep","first-page":"246","article-title":"Avian reproductive emergency: medical management","volume":"2","author":"Joyner KL","year":"1990","unstructured":"Joyner KL. Avian reproductive emergency: medical management. Vet Med Rep. 1990;2(3):246-249."},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Manual of Exotic Pet Practice","author":"Mitchell MA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitchell MA, Tully TN. Manual of Exotic Pet Practice. Saunders\/Elsevier; 2009."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","series-title":"ExoticDVM","first-page":"43","article-title":"Endoscopy-assisted resolution of egg binding in an emerald-collared parakeet","volume":"7","author":"Crosta L","year":"2005","unstructured":"Crosta L. Endoscopy-assisted resolution of egg binding in an emerald-collared parakeet. ExoticDVM. 2005;7(4):43-45."},{"issue":"18","key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"498","article-title":"Observations on the significance of diagnostic findings in egg-binding of Psittaciformes","volume":"143","author":"Krautwald-Junghanns ME","year":"1998","unstructured":"Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Kostka VM, Hofbauer H. Observations on the significance of diagnostic findings in egg-binding of Psittaciformes. Vet Rec. 1998;143(18):498-502. doi:10.1136\/vr.143.18.498"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians","first-page":"114","article-title":"Reproductive tract disease and surgery","author":"Echols MS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Echols MS. Reproductive tract disease and surgery. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians. Association of Avian Veterinarians; 2007:114-134."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","first-page":"251","article-title":"Percloacal ovocentesis in the treatment of avian egg binding: review of 20 cases","volume":"33","author":"Abou-Zahr T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abou-Zahr T, Carrasco DC, Jones SL, George Dutton TA. Percloacal ovocentesis in the treatment of avian egg binding: review of 20 cases. J Avian Med Surg. 2019;33(3):251-257. doi:10.1647\/2018-376"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surgery","author":"Speer B","year":"2016","unstructured":"Speer B. Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surgery. Saunders\/Elsevier; 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"59","article-title":"Calcium metabolism in birds","volume":"11","author":"de Matos R","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Matos R. Calcium metabolism in birds. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2008;11(1):59-82, vi. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2007.09.005"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"ref15","series-title":"Anim Reprod Sci","first-page":"215","article-title":"Mechanisms of uterine contractility in laying hens","volume":"115","author":"Kupittayanant S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kupittayanant S, Kupittayanant P, Suwannachat C. Mechanisms of uterine contractility in laying hens. Anim Reprod Sci. 2009;115(1-4):215-224. doi:10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.10.020"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"427","article-title":"Egg binding, hormonal control and therapeutic consideration","volume":"15","author":"Hudelson S","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hudelson S, Hudelson P. Egg binding, hormonal control and therapeutic consideration. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1994;15(3):427-432."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"441","article-title":"Avian reproductive anatomy, physiology and endocrinology","volume":"5","author":"Pollock CG","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pollock CG, Orosz SE. Avian reproductive anatomy, physiology and endocrinology. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2002;5(3):441-474. doi:10.1016\/S1094-9194(02)00010-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/5\/javma.24.11.0749.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/5\/javma.24.11.0749.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/5\/javma.24.11.0749.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T04:06:37Z","timestamp":1744949197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/5\/javma.24.11.0749.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.24.11.0749","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}}}