{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T03:40:12Z","timestamp":1758858012702,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) for sedation of red-eared sliders and to assess the effect of injection site location on sedation parameters.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Over a 1-month trial period, healthy turtles obtained from a rescue were administered TZ (10 mg\/kg, SC) in the forelimb (FL) or hind limb (HL) in a randomized, blinded crossover design in a laboratory setting. Heart rate; respiratory rate; neck, forelimb, and hind limb muscle tone; pelvic limb withdrawal reflex; jaw tone; cloacal tone; and feasibility of positioning for jugular venipuncture were evaluated. Flumazenil at 0.05 mg\/kg was administered SC 45 minutes after TZ injection for recovery. Time to first effects, total sedation score, and time to recovery were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There was no significant difference in mean time to initial sedative effects between FL (11 \u00b1 4 minutes) and HL (14 \u00b1 6 minutes) treatments in the study population (n = 8 turtles). Six of 8 turtles (75%) and 5 of 8 turtles (63%) in the FL and HL treatments, respectively, developed decreased muscle tone. Simulated jugular venipuncture was successful in 7 of 8 turtles (88%) in both treatments, although additional restraint was required in 3 of 8 turtles (43%) in the HL group. There was no significant difference in total sedation score at any time point between treatments, and median heart rate across the sedative period was similar between treatment groups. Mean time to recovery was similar between treatments (FL, 135 \u00b1 55 minutes; HL, 165 \u00b1 45 minutes).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Tiletamine-zolazepam (10 mg\/kg) produced moderate sedation of red-eared sliders. The location of SC TZ injection administration did not significantly affect sedation parameters in this species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Subcutaneous TZ can be used for sedation of red-eared sliders in clinical practice to facilitate examination and blood collection in this species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.12.0781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T12:12:53Z","timestamp":1740571973000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subcutaneous tiletamine-zolazepam produces moderate sedation in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) regardless of injection site"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Katharine Hausmann","family":"Farris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elijah J.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-0994","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christoph","family":"Mans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3971-8485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Grayson A.","family":"Doss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"49","article-title":"Chelonian sedation and anesthesia","volume":"25","author":"Scarabelli S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scarabelli S, Di Girolamo N. Chelonian sedation and anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2022;25(1):49-72. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2021.08.009"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Carpenter\u2019s Exotic Animal Formulary","first-page":"101","article-title":"Reptiles","author":"Sladky K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sladky K, Klaphake E, Di Girolamo N, Carpenter JW. Reptiles. In: Carpenter JW, Harms CA, eds. Carpenter\u2019s Exotic Animal Formulary. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2023:101-221."},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Lumb and Jones\u2019 Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia","first-page":"462","article-title":"Injectable anesthetics","author":"Hamilton S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamilton S. Injectable anesthetics. In: Lamont L, Grimm K, Robertson S, Love L, Schroeder C, eds. Lumb and Jones\u2019 Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons; 2024:462-488. doi:10.1002\/9781119830306.ch27"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"525","article-title":"Chemical restraint of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) with atracurium or tiletamine-zolazepam","volume":"25","author":"Clyde VL","year":"1994","unstructured":"Clyde VL, Cardeilhac PT, Jacobson ER. Chemical restraint of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) with atracurium or tiletamine-zolazepam. J Zoo Wildl Med. 1994;25(4):525-530."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Res Commun","first-page":"351","article-title":"Personal experiences in the use of association tiletamine\/zolazepam for anaesthesia of the green iguana (Iguana iguana)","volume":"28","author":"von Degerfeld MM","year":"2004","unstructured":"von Degerfeld MM. Personal experiences in the use of association tiletamine\/zolazepam for anaesthesia of the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Vet Res Commun. 2004;28(suppl 1):351-353. doi:10.1023\/B:VERC.0000045444.84631.36"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref6","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0199339","article-title":"A fixed moderate-dose combination of tiletamine+zolazepam outperforms midazolam in induction of short-term immobilization of ball pythons (Python regius)","volume":"13","author":"Miller LJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miller LJ, Fetterer DP, Garza NL,  A fixed moderate-dose combination of tiletamine+zolazepam outperforms midazolam in induction of short-term immobilization of ball pythons (Python regius). PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0199339. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0199339"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","series-title":"J Herpetological Med Surg","first-page":"204","article-title":"Evaluation of tiletamine-zolazepam sedation in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) following intramuscular and subcutaneous administration","volume":"31","author":"Patson C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patson C, Doss G, Mans C. Evaluation of tiletamine-zolazepam sedation in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) following intramuscular and subcutaneous administration. J Herpetological Med Surg. 2021;31(3):204-210. doi:10.5818\/JHMS-D-20-00020"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery","first-page":"442","article-title":"Sedation","author":"Schnellbacher R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schnellbacher R, Shepard M. Sedation. In: Divers S, Stahl S, eds. Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2019:442-446. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-323-48253-0.00048-9"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Effect of injection site on dexmedetomidine-ketamine induced sedation in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius)","volume":"253","author":"Fink DM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fink DM, Doss GA, Sladky KK, Mans C. Effect of injection site on dexmedetomidine-ketamine induced sedation in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;253(9):1146-1150. doi:10.2460\/javma.253.9.1146"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"747","article-title":"Effect of injection site on alfaxalone-induced sedation in ball pythons (Python regius)","volume":"59","author":"Yaw TJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yaw TJ, Mans C, Johnson SM, Doss GA, Sladky KK. Effect of injection site on alfaxalone-induced sedation in ball pythons (Python regius). J Small Anim Pract. 2018;59(12):747-751. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12918"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref11","series-title":"J Herpetological Med Surg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Use of intravenous and intramuscular alfaxalone in Macquarie River turtles (Emydura macquarii)","volume":"23","author":"Scheelings TF","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scheelings TF. Use of intravenous and intramuscular alfaxalone in Macquarie River turtles (Emydura macquarii). J Herpetological Med Surg. 2013;23(3-4):91-94. doi:10.5818\/1529-9651-23.3.91"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"ajvr","article-title":"Anesthetic efficacy of dexmedetomidine-ketamine in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) is enhanced with the addition of midazolam and when administered in the forelimb versus the hindlimb","volume":"85","author":"Heniff AC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heniff AC, Petritz OA, Carpenter RG, Lewbart GA, Balko JA. Anesthetic efficacy of dexmedetomidine-ketamine in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) is enhanced with the addition of midazolam and when administered in the forelimb versus the hindlimb. Am J Vet Res. 2023;85(2):ajvr.23.10.0226. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.23.10.0226"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"364","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of alfaxalone in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus)","volume":"48","author":"Rockwell K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rockwell K, Boykin K, Padlo J, Ford C, Aschebrock S, Mitchell M. Evaluating the efficacy of alfaxalone in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2021;48(3):364-371. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.01.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"280","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramuscular alfaxalone in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps): effect of injection site","volume":"50","author":"Shippy S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shippy S, Allgood H, Messenger K,  Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramuscular alfaxalone in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps): effect of injection site. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2023;50(3):280-288. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2023.02.010"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Pesqui Vet Bras","first-page":"675","article-title":"Comparison of pharmacological restraint with ketamine and xylazine, administered intramuscularly in the forelimb or hindlimb, in broad-snouted caiman juveniles","volume":"34","author":"Campagnol D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campagnol D, Lemos FR, Silva EL, Rossi J\u00fanior JL, Borlini TC. Comparison of pharmacological restraint with ketamine and xylazine, administered intramuscularly in the forelimb or hindlimb, in broad-snouted caiman juveniles. Pesqui Vet Bras. 2014;34:675-681. doi:10.1590\/S0100-736X2014000700012"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery","first-page":"447","article-title":"General anesthesia","author":"Mans C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mans C, Sladky K, Schumacher J. General anesthesia. In: Divers S, Stahl S, eds. Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2019:447-464. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-323-48253-0.00049-0"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","first-page":"136","article-title":"Comparison of anesthetic induction and recovery times after intramuscular, subcutaneous or intranasal dexmedetomidine-ketamine administration in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)","author":"Lahner L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lahner L, Mans C, Sladky K. Comparison of anesthetic induction and recovery times after intramuscular, subcutaneous or intranasal dexmedetomidine-ketamine administration in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Abstract in: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians; 2011:136-137."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"590","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after single-dose subcutaneous administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans)","volume":"39","author":"Kummrow MS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kummrow MS, Tseng F, Hesse L, Court M. Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after single-dose subcutaneous administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2008;39(4):590-595. doi:10.1638\/2008-0033.1"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"488","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic assessments of 10 mg\/kg tramadol intramuscular injection in yellow-bellied slider turtles (Trachemys scripta scripta)","volume":"38","author":"Giorgi M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giorgi M, Salvadori M, De Vito V, Owen H, Demontis MP, Varoni MV. Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic assessments of 10 mg\/kg tramadol intramuscular injection in yellow-bellied slider turtles (Trachemys scripta scripta). J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2015;38(5):488-496. doi:10.1111\/jvp.12206"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","series-title":"Xenobiotica","first-page":"379","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic study in pigs and in vitro metabolic characterization in pig- and human-liver microsomes reveal marked differences in disposition and metabolism of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol)","volume":"44","author":"Kumar A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar A, Mann HJ, Remmel RP, Beilman GJ, Kaila N. Pharmacokinetic study in pigs and in vitro metabolic characterization in pig- and human-liver microsomes reveal marked differences in disposition and metabolism of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol). Xenobiotica. 2014;44(4):379-390. doi:10.3109\/00498254.2013.833362"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/6\/javma.24.12.0781.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/6\/javma.24.12.0781.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/6\/javma.24.12.0781.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T03:01:17Z","timestamp":1758855677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/6\/javma.24.12.0781.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.24.12.0781","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}}}