{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:24:28Z","timestamp":1788470668784,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The past 20 years have observed the emergence of an enigmatic and deadly disease in dogs referred to as <jats:italic>gallbladder mucocele formation<\/jats:italic>. The disease has been the subject of over 100 PubMed-indexed publications, yet only a single review of the topic has been published approximately 10 years ago. The aim of the current review was to provide a practical overview of the current literature of and, in some cases, the authors\u2019 experience in the diagnosis and management of gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs. Key takeaways were that gallbladder mucocele formation is caused by secretion of abnormal mucus by the gallbladder epithelium and has a predilection for older, small-sized purebred dogs. These dogs are often concurrently diagnosed with hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperlipidemia, and proteinuria. Diagnosis is reliant on ultrasonographic features demonstrating the presence of non\u2013gravity-dependent mucus that is adherent to the walls of the gallbladder and encroaching into the lumen. The definitive treatment for mucocele formation is cholecystectomy, which carries a significant short-term mortality but good long-term prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.12.0789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T15:21:30Z","timestamp":1742397690000},"page":"777-785","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Diagnosis and management of gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"263","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2911-0874","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jody L.","family":"Gookin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle G.","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Seiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"ref1","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0138988","article-title":"Excess secretion of gel-forming mucins and associated innate defense proteins with defective mucin un-packaging underpin gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs","volume":"10","author":"Kesimer M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kesimer M, Cullen J, Cao R,  Excess secretion of gel-forming mucins and associated innate defense proteins with defective mucin un-packaging underpin gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138988. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0138988"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref2","series-title":"Pathol Vet","first-page":"574","article-title":"Cystic mucinous hypertrophy of the mucosa of the gall bladder in the dog","volume":"2","author":"Kovatch RM","year":"1965","unstructured":"Kovatch RM, Hildebrandt PK, Marcus LC. Cystic mucinous hypertrophy of the mucosa of the gall bladder in the dog. Pathol Vet. 1965;2(6):574-584. doi:10.1177\/030098586500200605"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"467","article-title":"Gallbladder mucocele causing biliary obstruction in two dogs: ultrasonographic, scintigraphic, and pathological findings","volume":"31","author":"Newell SM","year":"1995","unstructured":"Newell SM, Selcer BA, Mahaffey MB,  Gallbladder mucocele causing biliary obstruction in two dogs: ultrasonographic, scintigraphic, and pathological findings. 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Investigation of adrenal and thyroid gland dysfunction in dogs with ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele formation. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0212638. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0212638"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"76","article-title":"The association between gall bladder mucoceles and hyperlipidaemia in dogs: a retrospective case control study","volume":"199","author":"Kutsunai M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kutsunai M, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Fujino Y, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. The association between gall bladder mucoceles and hyperlipidaemia in dogs: a retrospective case control study. 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J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232(11):1688-1693. doi:10.2460\/javma.232.11.1688"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/6\/javma.24.12.0789.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/6\/javma.24.12.0789.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/263\/6\/javma.24.12.0789.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T03:01:20Z","timestamp":1758855680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/263\/6\/javma.24.12.0789.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.24.12.0789","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}}}