{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:05:31Z","timestamp":1774613131544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in a large number of privately owned dogs across a wide geographic area.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Internet-based, cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20142,551 privately owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014A questionnaire addressed dog-specific, management, environmental, and personality-associated risk factors for GDV in dogs. Respondents were recruited through the posting of the electronic link to the questionnaire on websites for dog owners; the information was also disseminated at meetings of dog owners and via newsletters, e-mail lists for dog owners and breeders, owner-oriented dog publications, and e-mails forwarded by participants. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were performed.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of GDV were being fed dry kibble, anxiety, residence in the United Kingdom, being born in the 1990s, being a family pet, and spending at least 5 hours a day with the owner. Factors associated with a decreased risk of GDV were playing with other dogs and running the fence after meals, fish and egg dietary supplements, and spending equal time indoors and outdoors. A significant interaction between sex and neuter status was observed, with sexually intact females having the highest risk for GDV.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In dogs with a high risk of GDV, regular moderate daily and postprandial activity appeared to be beneficial. Feeding only commercial dry dog food may not be the best choice for dogs at risk; however, supplements with fish or eggs may reduced this risk. The effect of neuter status on GDV risk requires further characterization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.12.1456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T14:07:22Z","timestamp":1338559642000},"page":"1456-1462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["An Internet-based survey of risk factors for surgical gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Marko","family":"Pipan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorothy Cimino","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmelo L.","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Management protocol for acute gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Brockman","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"40","article-title":"Incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs","volume":"216","author":"Glickman","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"460","article-title":"Canine gastric dilatation\/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986\u20131992)","volume":"207","author":"Brockman","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1934","article-title":"Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative 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for the gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs: a practitioner\/owner case-control Study","volume":"33","author":"Glickman","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"174","article-title":"Radiological assessment of the relationship between thoracic conformation and the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Glickman","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Nondietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs","volume":"217","author":"Glickman","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"185","article-title":"Risk factors for gastric dilatation in Irish Setter dogs","volume":"39","author":"Elwood","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"48","article-title":"Small size of food particles and age as risk factors for gastric dilatation volvulus in Great 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benefits","volume":"1","author":"Bi","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Strombeck's small animal gastroenterology","article-title":"Gastric dilatation, gastric dilatation-volvulus, and chronic gastric volvulus","author":"Guilford"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1576","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs susceptible to gastric dilatation","volume":"221","author":"Rawlings","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"319","article-title":"Benefits of prophylactic gastropexy for dogs at risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus","volume":"60","author":"Ward","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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