{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:47:30Z","timestamp":1775742450406,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the rate and absolute number of human and pet exposures to oral rabies vaccine (ORV) bait containing liquid vaccinia rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine and to evaluate factors that might affect human contact with bait to modify the program and reduce human exposure to the vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective analysis of surveillance data (2001 to 2009).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u2014Reports on human and pet contact with ORV baits in states with ORV surveillance programs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Data were collected from passive, multistate ORV surveillance systems in Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. Data collected included the nature of human or pet contact with bait and vaccine, the caller's knowledge of the ORV bait program, local human population density, and other relevant demographic data.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014All 18 states participated in the surveillance program for at least 1 year, fora combined 68 years of observation. One thousand four hundred thirty-six calls were reported, representing 3,076 found baits (6.89\/100,000 baits dropped); 296 (20%) calls were related to human contact with ruptured bait, and 550 (38%) involved pet contact with the bait. Six adverse events in humans were reported, one of which required hospitalization. Fifty-nine adverse events in pets were noted, all of which were nonserious.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Findings from surveillance activities have been used to improve baiting strategies and minimize human and pet contact with ORV baits. Overall, human and pet contact with ORV baits was infrequent. Surveillance has led to early identification of persons exposed to ORV and rapid intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.2.163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]],"date-time":"2012-01-04T22:10:20Z","timestamp":1325715020000},"page":"163-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["National surveillance for human and pet contact with oral rabies vaccine baits, 2001\u20132009"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Amira A.","family":"Roess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Lederman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Dato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Slate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary G.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inger K.","family":"Damon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"922","article-title":"Epidemiology of human rabies in the United States, 1980 to 1996","volume":"128","author":"Noah","year":"1998"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"ref2","series-title":"Rev Infect Dis","first-page":"S620","article-title":"Ecology and epidemiology of raccoon rabies","volume":"10","author":"Jenkins","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"429","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology from an epizootic of raccoon rabies in the Middle Atlantic States, 1982\u20131983","volume":"126","author":"Jenkins","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"676","article-title":"Rabies 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infection, and therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Hanlon","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1987","article-title":"Rabies vaccine baits, Pennsylvania","volume":"11","author":"Dato","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"1204","article-title":"Human vaccinia infection after contact with a raccoon rabies vaccine bait\u2014Pennsylvania, 2009","volume":"58","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Sante Publique","first-page":"297","article-title":"Human contamination by baits for vaccinating foxes against rabies in France [in French]","volume":"9","author":"Masson","year":"1997"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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