{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:41:04Z","timestamp":1787863264336,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To critically evaluate and summarize available information on the safety of potassium bromide in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u2014111 references reporting safety information relevant to potassium bromide published between 1938 and 2011.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014PubMed searches without date limitations were conducted with the terms \u201cpotassium bromide\u201d and \u201csodium bromide\u201d in December 2009 and October 2011. Additional articles were identified through examination of article reference lists and book chapters on seizures in dogs and pharmacology.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Reversible neurologic signs were the most consistently reported toxicoses and were generally associated with adjunctive potassium bromide treatment or high serum bromide concentrations. Dermatologic and respiratory abnormalities were rare in dogs. Insufficient information was available to assess the effects of potassium bromide on behavior or to determine the incidence of vomiting, weight gain, polyphagia, pancreatitis, polyuria, polydipsia, or reproductive abnormalities associated with potassium bromide administration. Evidence suggested that administration of potassium bromide with food may alleviate gastrointestinal irritation and that monitoring for polyphagia, thyroid hormone abnormalities, and high serum bromide concentrations may be beneficial.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested that potassium bromide is not an appropriate choice for treatment of every dog with seizures and that practitioners should tailor therapeutic regimens and clinical monitoring to each dog. Abrupt dietary changes or fluid therapy may compromise seizure control or increase the likelihood of adverse events. Availability of an appropriately labeled, approved potassium bromide product could provide better assurance for veterinarians and their clients of the quality, safety, and effectiveness of the product for veterinary use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.6.705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T15:55:58Z","timestamp":1330617358000},"page":"705-715","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A systematic review of the safety of potassium bromide in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Hope E.","family":"Baird-Heinz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A'ndrea L.","family":"Van Schoick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis R.","family":"Pelsor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Ranivand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Hungerford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Analysis of fifty-two cases of epilepsy as observed by the author","first-page":"524","author":"Sieveking","year":"1857"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"A guide to the prevention and treatment of disease in domestic animals","author":"Law","year":"1887"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"South Med J","first-page":"667","article-title":"An analysis of four hundred instances of chronic bromide intoxication","volume":"31","author":"Hanes","year":"1938"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"414","article-title":"Pharmacology efficacy and tolerability of potassium bromide in childhood epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Korinthenberg","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Epilepsy Res","first-page":"283","article-title":"Bromoderma in a patient with migrating partial seizures in infancy","volume":"91","author":"Nabatame","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"1782","article-title":"The rise and fall of bromide therapy in epilepsy","volume":"57","author":"Friedlander","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Med Toxicol","first-page":"151","article-title":"Case files of the medical toxicology fellowship at the New York City poison control: bromism: forgotten, but not gone","volume":"5","author":"Lugassy","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"161","article-title":"Idiopathic epilepsy in dogs and cats","volume":"40","author":"Thomas","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Pract","first-page":"98","article-title":"Treatment and monitoring of epilepsy in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Chandler","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Small animal internal medicine","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Seizures","author":"Taylor","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"445","article-title":"Veterinarians' preferences for anticonvulsant drugs for treating seizure disorders in dogs and cats","volume":"87","author":"Kluger","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"163","article-title":"Use of bromide as an anticonvulsant for dogs with epilepsy","volume":"207","author":"Trepanier","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1442","article-title":"Pregabalin as an adjunct to phenobarbital, potassium bromide, or a combination of phenobarbital and potassium bromide for treatment of dogs with suspected idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"235","author":"Dewey","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Companion Anim","first-page":"81","article-title":"Refractory epilepsy in dogs","volume":"15","author":"Platt","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"681","article-title":"Neutropenia and thrombocy-topenia in three dogs treated with anticonvulsants","volume":"212","author":"Jacobs","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1060","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of phenobarbital in dogs: 18 cases (1985\u20131989)","volume":"199","author":"Dayrell-Hart","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"426","article-title":"Assessment of the use of plasma and serum chloride concentrations as indirect predictors of serum bromide concentrations in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"35","author":"Rossmeisl","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Philosophical foundations of evidence-based medicine for veterinary clinicians","volume":"235","author":"Holmes","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed A","first-page":"668","article-title":"Effect of an oral sedative on the behavior and the zootechnologic performance of fattening bulls of the white-blue Belgian breed [in German]","volume":"38","author":"Genicot","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Tierarztl Prax","first-page":"395","article-title":"Effectiveness of bromide in therapy resistant epilepsy of dogs [in German]","volume":"19","author":"Schwartz-Porsche","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Arkh Patol","first-page":"67","article-title":"Characteristics of recurrent development of inflammatory changes in the lung following administration of sodium bromide","volume":"18","author":"Sarkisov","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn","first-page":"1365","article-title":"Effect of caffeine, benzedrine, and sodium bromide on erythropoiesis","volume":"26","author":"Neuman","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Hautarzt","first-page":"792","article-title":"Bromoderma tuberosum caused by anticonvulsive treatment with potassium bromide [in German]","volume":"43","author":"Pfeifle","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Chronic bromide intoxication caused by bromide-containing combination drugs [in German]","volume":"117","author":"Steinhoff","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Ortop Travmatol Protez","first-page":"14","article-title":"Effect of sodium bromide on the course of bone fracture healing and on phosphor, calcium and cholesterin metabolism in dogs [in Russian]","volume":"2","author":"Levchenko","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Presse Med","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Prescription of bromides, or how to avoid bromide salts toxicity [in French]","volume":"20","author":"Limodin","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"574","article-title":"Idiopathic epilepsy in dogs: owners' perspectives on management with phenobarbitone and\/or potassium bromide","volume":"47","author":"Chang","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"South Med J","first-page":"973","article-title":"Niacinamide in bromide intoxication","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"1949"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1804","article-title":"Serum total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations in epileptic dogs treated with anticonvulsants","volume":"214","author":"Kantrowitz","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"425","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of bromide following high-dose oral potassium bromide administration in healthy Beagles","volume":"25","author":"March","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"435","article-title":"The elimination of bromides from the blood stream","volume":"99","author":"Palmer","year":"1933"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"193","article-title":"Effect of anti-convulsant dosages of potassium bromide on thyroid function and morphology in dogs","volume":"39","author":"Paull","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"379","article-title":"Bromide intoxication. I. Production of experimental intoxication in dogs","volume":"122","author":"Rosenblum","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Clinical signs, risk factors, and outcomes associated with bromide toxicosis (bromism) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"234","author":"Rossmeisl","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Vet Ther","first-page":"37","article-title":"Serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations in dogs treated with potassium bromide and\/or phenobarbital","volume":"9","author":"Steiner","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"1505","article-title":"Possible drug-induced hepatopathy in a dog receiving zonisamide monotherapy for treatment of cryptogenic epilepsy","volume":"73","author":"Schwartz","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"468","article-title":"Bromide toxicosis (bromism) in a dog treated with potassium bromide for refractory seizures","volume":"201","author":"Yohn","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Disposition and clinical use of bromide in cats","volume":"221","author":"Boothe","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Lower airway disease in cats on bromide therapy for seizures (abstr)","first-page":"562","author":"Wagner","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effects of sodium bromide on the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones and brominated\/iodinated thyronines","volume":"4","author":"Buchberger","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"J Hirnforsch","first-page":"127","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to sodium bromide affects the postnatal growth and brain development","volume":"37","author":"Disse","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"215","article-title":"The effect of the administration of sodium bromide to pregnant rats on the learning ability of the offspring","volume":"82","author":"Harned","year":"1944"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","first-page":"391","article-title":"Effect of sodium bromide on endocrine parameters in the rat as studied by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay","volume":"21","author":"Loeber","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol","first-page":"678","article-title":"The effect of sodium bromide ingestion on the goitrogenic action of ethylenethiourea in the male rat","volume":"20","author":"Newsome","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","first-page":"383","article-title":"Toxicity of sodium-bromide in rats\u2014effects on endocrine system and reproduction","volume":"21","author":"van Leeuwen","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Toxicology","first-page":"321","article-title":"Short-term toxicity study of sodium bromide in rats","volume":"1","author":"van Logten","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Toxicology","first-page":"257","article-title":"Semichronic toxicity study of sodium bromide in rats","volume":"2","author":"van Logten","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Ann Anat","first-page":"421","article-title":"Potassium bromide and the thyroid gland of the rat: morphology and immunohisto-chemistry, RIA and INAA analysis","volume":"179","author":"Velick\u00fd","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res","first-page":"37","article-title":"Bromide transfer through mother's milk and its impact on the suckling rat","volume":"103","author":"Vobeck\u00fd","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"223","article-title":"Sodium bromide and sodium valproate: effective suppressants of ethanol withdrawal reactions in mice","volume":"208","author":"Goldstein","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","first-page":"405","article-title":"Effects of bromide on behaviour of mice","volume":"21","author":"Hansen","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref52","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"407","article-title":"Intoxication of cattle with sodium bromide-contaminated feed","volume":"38","author":"Knight","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref53","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"187","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of potassium bromide in adult horses","volume":"86","author":"Raidal","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref54","series-title":"Pediatr Dermatol","first-page":"336","article-title":"Vegetant bromoderma in an infant","volume":"18","author":"Bel","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref55","series-title":"Brain Dev","first-page":"83","article-title":"Panniculitis due to potassium bromide","volume":"20","author":"Diener","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref56","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","first-page":"427","article-title":"A case of bromoderma and bromism","volume":"158","author":"Hafiji","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref57","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"150","article-title":"Epilepsy in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Kagitani-Shimono","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref58","series-title":"J Iowa State Med Soc","first-page":"39","article-title":"Results of administration of varying doses of sodium bromide","volume":"36","author":"Millikan","year":"1946"},{"key":"ref59","series-title":"Arch Intern Med (Chic","first-page":"783","article-title":"Bromide intoxication; analysis of cases from a general hospital","volume":"85","author":"Perkins","year":"1950"},{"key":"ref60","series-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","first-page":"409","article-title":"The influence of sodium-bromide in man\u2014a study in human volunteers with special emphasis on the endocrine and the central nervous system","volume":"21","author":"Sangster","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref61","series-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc","first-page":"467","article-title":"Bromide excretion as affected by chloride administration","volume":"47","author":"Czerwinski","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref62","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Anticonvulsant therapy in dogs and cats","volume":"36","author":"Dewey","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref63","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"555","article-title":"Pancreatitis associated with potassium bromide\/phenobarbital combination therapy in epileptic dogs","volume":"41","author":"Gaskill","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref64","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Serum triglyceride concentration in dogs with epilepsy treated with phenobarbital or with phenobarbital and bromide","volume":"233","author":"Kluger","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref65","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"231","article-title":"Bromide toxicosis secondary to renal insufficiency in an epileptic dog","volume":"208","author":"Nichols","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref66","series-title":"Progr Vet Neurol","first-page":"95","article-title":"Potassium bromide as an adjunct to phenobarbital for the management of uncontrolled seizures in dogs","volume":"1","author":"Pearce","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref67","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"411","article-title":"What is your diagnosis? Marked hyperchloremia in a dog","volume":"38","author":"Piperisova","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref68","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"881","article-title":"Treatment with gabapentin of 11 dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"159","author":"Platt","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref69","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"318","article-title":"Bromide therapy in refractory canine idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Podell","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref70","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"93","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, management and long-term outcome of suspected rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in 14 dogs","volume":"52","author":"Schubert","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref71","series-title":"Pharmacokinetics of bromide and bromide therapy in canine epilepsy","first-page":"32","author":"Schwartz-Porsche","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref72","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"234","article-title":"High dietary chloride content associated with loss of therapeutic serum bromide concentrations in an epileptic dog","volume":"208","author":"Shaw","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref73","series-title":"Current experiences with anticonvulsants in dogs and cats","first-page":"569","author":"Sisson","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref74","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"310","article-title":"The efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in pharmacoresistant epileptic dogs","volume":"176","author":"Volk","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref75","series-title":"J Neurochem","first-page":"167","article-title":"Neurochemistry of GABAergic system in cerebral cortex chronically exposed to bromide in vivo","volume":"48","author":"Balcar","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref76","series-title":"Ann Anat","first-page":"71","article-title":"Analysis of thyroid gland microvascularization in rats induced by ingestion of potassium bromide: a scanning electron microscopy study","volume":"187","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref77","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Therapy for hyperthermia-induced seizures in Scn1a mutant rats","volume":"52","author":"Hayashi","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref78","series-title":"J Neurocytol","first-page":"443","article-title":"An unbiased estimation of the total number of synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats established by the dissector method. Lack of change after long-lasting sodium bromide administration","volume":"19","author":"Sikl\u00f3s","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref79","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"751","article-title":"The effect of sodium bromide on tumor growth","volume":"24","author":"Taylor","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref80","series-title":"Acta Histochem","first-page":"391","article-title":"Expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the rat thyroid gland after exposure to bromide","volume":"99","author":"Velick\u00fd","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref81","series-title":"Acta Histochem","first-page":"11","article-title":"Long-term action of potassium bromide on the rat thyroid gland","volume":"100","author":"Velick\u00fd","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref82","series-title":"Ann Anat","first-page":"209","article-title":"The effect of bromide on the ultrastructure of rat thyrocytes","volume":"186","author":"Velick\u00fd","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref83","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"109","article-title":"Correlation between anticonvulsant activity and plasma concentration of bromide","volume":"112","author":"Grewal","year":"1954"},{"key":"ref84","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"446","article-title":"Bromide intoxication of horses, goats, and cattle","volume":"171","author":"Knight","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref85","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"72","article-title":"Pseudohyperchloremia associated with bromide intoxication in a goat herd","volume":"187","author":"Liggett","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref86","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"213","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and clinical utility of sodium bromide (NaBr) as an estimator of extracellular fluid volume in horses","volume":"17","author":"Fielding","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref87","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"370","article-title":"Bromoderma","volume":"42","author":"Anzai","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref88","series-title":"Arch Psychiat Nervenkr","first-page":"197","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow in a case of bromide psychosis","volume":"223","author":"Berglund","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref89","series-title":"Brain Dev","first-page":"385","article-title":"Bromides were effective in intractable epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures and onset in early childhood","volume":"10","author":"Ernst","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref90","series-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol","first-page":"181","article-title":"Bromism from daily over intake of bromide salt","volume":"41","author":"Frances","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref91","series-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry","first-page":"431","article-title":"Electroencephalographic findings in cases of bromide intoxication","volume":"53","author":"Greenblatt","year":"1945"},{"key":"ref92","series-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol","first-page":"971","article-title":"Bromism caused by mix-formulated analgesic injectables","volume":"26","author":"Hsieh","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref93","series-title":"Hum Toxicol","first-page":"481","article-title":"Renal failure and upper urinary tract obstruction after retrograde pyelography with potassium bromide solution","volume":"4","author":"Joyce","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref94","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"896","article-title":"Cure of morphine, chloral, and cocaine habits by sodium bromide","volume":"1","author":"Macleod","year":"1899"},{"key":"ref95","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","first-page":"682","article-title":"Single-plaque vegetating bromoderma","volume":"58","author":"Maffeis","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref96","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"802","article-title":"Histologic features of thyroid gland in a patient with bromide-induced hypothyroidism","volume":"89","author":"Mizukami","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref97","series-title":"Brain Dev","first-page":"157","article-title":"Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase by patients with epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Novo","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref98","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Treatment of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infants with bromide and its borderline variant","volume":"35","author":"Oguni","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref99","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"503","article-title":"Neonatal bromide intoxication: prenatal ingestion of a large quantity of bromides with transplacental accumulation in the fetus","volume":"55","author":"Pleasure","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref100","series-title":"Eur Neurol","first-page":"246","article-title":"Sodium bromide encephalopathy with decreased serum Cl\u2013 level and increased anion gap: report of one case","volume":"51","author":"Robe","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref101","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"37","article-title":"Treatment of epilepsy in severely disabled children with bilateral brain malformations","volume":"277","author":"Saito","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref102","series-title":"Hum Toxicol","first-page":"393","article-title":"Study of sodium bromide in human volunteers, with special emphasis on the endocrine system","volume":"1","author":"Sangster","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref103","series-title":"Brain Dev","first-page":"194","article-title":"Two successful cases of bromide therapy for refractory symptomatic localization-related epilepsy","volume":"24","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref104","series-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol","first-page":"9","article-title":"The no-effect level of sodium bromide in healthy volunteers","volume":"12","author":"van Gelderen","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref105","series-title":"Nephron","first-page":"311","article-title":"A negative anion gap as a clue to diagnose bromide intoxication","volume":"69","author":"Vasuyattakul","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref106","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"49","article-title":"Serum chloride analysis, bromide detection, and the diagnosis of bromism","volume":"65","author":"Wenk","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref107","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"65","article-title":"Bromide therapy for pediatric seizure disorder intractable to other antiepileptic drugs","volume":"5","author":"Woody","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref108","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Rational bromide treatment","volume":"88","author":"Wuth","year":"1927"},{"key":"ref109","series-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis","first-page":"914","article-title":"Eosinophils increase lung micro-vascular permeability via the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide system. Bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction unaffected by eosinophil peroxidase inhibition","volume":"147","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref110","series-title":"Br J Addict","first-page":"446","article-title":"A place for bromides? (lett)","volume":"83","author":"Howard","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref111","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"659","article-title":"Appreciation for study on bromide administration in dogs (lett)","volume":"235","author":"Papich","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref112","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"181","article-title":"Medical management of recurrent seizures in dogs and cats (lett)","volume":"4","author":"Sisson","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref113","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1820","article-title":"Bromism (lett)","volume":"201","author":"Trepanier","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref114","series-title":"Management of refractory seizures","first-page":"88","author":"Boothe","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref115","series-title":"Epidemiological, clinical, and pharmacokinetic studies in spontaneously epileptic dogs and cats","first-page":"61","author":"Schwartz-Porsche","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref116","series-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of seizure disorders of dogs and cats","first-page":"349","author":"Sisson","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref117","series-title":"Update on bromide and phenobarbital (abstr)","author":"Trepanier","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref118","series-title":"International cooperation on harmonisation of technical requirements for registration of veterinary products. Guidance for industry: target animal safety for veterinary pharmaceutical products"},{"key":"ref119","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"248","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic properties of bromide in dogs after the intravenous and oral administration of single doses","volume":"58","author":"Trepanier","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref120","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"767","article-title":"Use of bromide as an antiepileptic drug in dogs","volume":"16","author":"Podell","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref121","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"411","article-title":"Anticonvulsant therapy in small animals","volume":"28","author":"Boothe","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref122","series-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"381","article-title":"The effects of pharmaceutical excipients on small intestinal transit","volume":"39","author":"Adkin","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref123","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"185","article-title":"Antiepileptic drug therapy","volume":"13","author":"Podell","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref124","series-title":"The cumulation phase of bromide in combination therapy of canine epilepsy","first-page":"270","author":"Stolle","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref125","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"252","article-title":"Effect of dietary chloride content on the elimination of bromide by dogs","volume":"58","author":"Trepanier","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref126","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"595","article-title":"Update on therapy of canine epilepsy","volume":"40","author":"Dowling","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref127","series-title":"Drug Test Anal","first-page":"323","article-title":"Control of the misuse of bromide in horses","volume":"2","author":"Ho","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref128","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"160","article-title":"Behavioral changes in dogs associated with the development of idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Shihab","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref129","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"46","article-title":"Evaluation of risk factors for fatal acute pancreatitis in dogs","volume":"214","author":"Hess","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref130","series-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol","first-page":"143","article-title":"Drug induced pancreatitis","volume":"24","author":"Nitsche","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref131","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Associations between dietary factors and pancreatitis in dogs","volume":"233","author":"Lem","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref132","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"681","article-title":"Feline asthma: what's new and where might clinical practice be heading?","volume":"12","author":"Venema","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref133","series-title":"J Mass Spectrom","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Structure and antioxidant activity of brominated flavonols and flavanones","volume":"44","author":"Justino","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref134","series-title":"Can Med Assoc J","first-page":"635","article-title":"Comparison of evidence on harms of medical interventions in randomized and nonrandomized studies","volume":"174","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref135","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"1203","article-title":"Should meta-analyses of interventions include observational studies in addition to randomized controlled trials? A critical examination of underlying principles","volume":"166","author":"Shrier","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref136","series-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc","first-page":"21","article-title":"Bias modelling in evidence synthesis","volume":"172","author":"Turner","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref137","series-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"616","article-title":"A comparison of three different sources of data in assessing the frequencies of adverse reactions to amiodarone","volume":"57","author":"Loke","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref138","series-title":"BMC Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Information about ADRs explored by pharmacovigilance approaches: a qualitative review of studies on antibiotics, SSRIs and NSAIDs","volume":"9","author":"Aagaard","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/240\/6\/javma.240.6.705.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/240\/6\/javma.240.6.705.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/240\/6\/javma.240.6.705.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:13:45Z","timestamp":1741353225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/240\/6\/javma.240.6.705.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.240.6.705","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]}}}