{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T02:57:32Z","timestamp":1789786652297,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate the evolution of clinical signs and their correlation with results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and to assess potential prognostic variables after conservative medical treatment for disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (DA-CSM) in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201421 client-owned dogs with DA-CSM.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014After neurologic grading, dogs underwent low-field MRI and TMS with measurement of onset latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes from the extensor carpi radialis and cranial tibial muscles. Dimensions calculated from MRI images were remaining spinal cord area, spinal cord compression ratio, vertebral occupying ratio, vertebral canal height-to-body height ratio, vertebral canal height-to-body length ratio, and vertebral canal compromise ratio. Intraparenchymal signal intensity changes were graded. Dogs were reevaluated 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after initial diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Outcome was successful in 8 of 21 dogs. Negative outcomes were characterized by rapid progression of clinical signs. All dogs with more severe clinical signs of DA-CSM 1 month after diagnosis had unsuccessful outcomes. Outcome was associated with the remaining spinal cord area and vertebral canal compromise ratio. Prognosis was not associated with severity of clinical signs or results of TMS. There were no significant correlations among clinical signs, MRI findings, and TMS results.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Conservative medical treatment of DA-CSM was associated with a guarded prognosis. Selected MRI variables and clinical evolution 1 month after diagnosis can be considered prognostic indicators. The lack of correlation among clinical signs, results of diagnostic imaging, and results of electrophysiologic evaluation in dogs with DA-CSM warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.7.848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,24]],"date-time":"2012-03-24T18:37:12Z","timestamp":1332614232000},"page":"848-857","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Evolution of clinical signs and predictors of outcome after conservative medical treatment for disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"De Decker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid M. V. L.","family":"Gielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Duchateau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Oevermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingeborgh","family":"Polis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Van Soens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri J. J.","family":"van Bree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc M. L.","family":"Van Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Small animal spinal disorders: diagnosis and surgery","first-page":"211","article-title":"Cervical spondylomyelopathy","author":"Sharp","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"667","article-title":"Disc-associated wobbler syndrome in the Doberman Pinscher","volume":"18","author":"Van Gundy","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Cervical spondylopathy","author":"McKee","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Kirk's current veterinary therapy XIII: small animal practice","first-page":"992","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of cervical vertebral instability-malformation syndromes","author":"Seim","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"22","article-title":"Vertebral distraction-fusion for cervical spondylopathy using a screw and double washer technique","volume":"31","author":"McKee","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"131","article-title":"Management of disc-associated wobbler syndrome with a partial slot fenestration and position screw technique","volume":"39","author":"Queen","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"425","article-title":"Comparison of two surgical techniques for the management of cervical spondylomyelopathy in Dobermans","volume":"39","author":"Rusbridge","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"418","article-title":"Dorsal laminectomy for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy: postoperative recovery and long-term follow-up in 20 dogs","volume":"31","author":"De Risio","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1601","article-title":"Morphologic and morphometric magnetic resonance imaging features of Doberman Pinschers with and without clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy","volume":"67","author":"da Costa","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"21","article-title":"Use of the ComPact unilock system for ventral stabilization procedures of the cervical spine: a retrospective study","volume":"19","author":"Voss","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"530","article-title":"Cervical spinal locking plate in combination with cortical ring allograft for a one level fusion in dogs with cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"37","author":"Bergman","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"186","article-title":"A method for intervertebral space distraction before stabilization combined with complete ventral slot for treatment of disc-associated wobbler syndrome in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Shamir","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"136","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of 51 dogs treated conservatively for disc-associated wobbler syndrome","volume":"50","author":"De Decker","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"574","article-title":"Surgery for disc-associated wobbler syndrome in the dog\u2014an examination of the controversy","volume":"42","author":"Jeffery","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr","first-page":"139","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of disc associated wobbler syndrome in dogs","volume":"78","author":"De Decker","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am vet Med Assoc","first-page":"243","article-title":"One-year clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of Doberman Pinschers with cervical spondylomyelopathy treated medically or surgically","volume":"231","author":"da Costa","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Outcome of medical and surgical treatment in dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy: 104 cases (1988\u20132004)","volume":"233","author":"da Costa","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1613","article-title":"Correlation of motor evoked potentials with magnetic resonance imaging and neurologic findings in Doberman Pinschers with and without signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy","volume":"67","author":"da Costa","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"81","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation in Doberman Pinschers with clinically relevant and clinically irrelevant spinal cord compression on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"238","author":"De Decker","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Noninvasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"1","author":"Barker","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"1297","article-title":"the diagnostic value of motor evoked potentials","volume":"110","author":"Di Lazzaro","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Prog Vet Neurol","first-page":"147","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials in sedated dogs","volume":"3","author":"Van Ham","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"534","article-title":"Influence of detomidine and buprenorphine on magnetic motor evoked potentials","volume":"152","author":"Nollet","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"2331","article-title":"Morphologic analysis of the cervical spinal-cord, dural tube, and spinal-canal by magnetic resonance imaging in normal adults and patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"19","author":"Okada","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"52","article-title":"Morphometric dimensions of the caudal cervical vertebral column in clinically normal Doberman Pinschers, English Foxhounds and Doberman Pinschers with clinical signs of disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy","volume":"191","author":"De Decker","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1601","article-title":"Radiographic vertebral canal and body ratios in Doberman Pinschers with and without clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy","volume":"238","author":"De Decker","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"771","article-title":"Cervical spinal stenosis: determination with vertebral body ratio method","volume":"164","author":"Pavlov","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"5","article-title":"Assessment of vertebral canal diameter and bony malformations of the cervical part of the spine in horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy","volume":"55","author":"Moore","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"124","article-title":"Mensuration of cervical vertebral ratios in Doberman Pinschers and Great Danes","volume":"43","author":"Drost","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1496","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging vertebral canal and body ratios in Doberman Pinschers with and without disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy and clinically normal English Foxhounds","volume":"72","author":"De Decker","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"1","article-title":"Canal diameter, anteroposterior compression ratio, and spondylotic myelopathy of the cervical spine","volume":"8","author":"Ogino","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"1650","article-title":"A prospective analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in findings in patients with sciatica and lumbar disc herniation: correlation of outcomes with disc fragment and canal morphology","volume":"22","author":"Carragee","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"608","article-title":"Percent spinal canal compromise on MRI utilized for predicting the need for surgical treatment in single-level lumbar intervertebral disc herniation","volume":"5","author":"Carlisle","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"38","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord in cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: can it predict surgical outcome?","volume":"23","author":"Nakamura","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"1675","article-title":"MR T2 image classification in cervical spondylomyelopathy. Predictor of surgical outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Yukuwa","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"475","article-title":"Comparison of prognostic value of different MRI classifications of signal intensity change in cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"10","author":"Avadhani","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"544","article-title":"Surgical treatment of disk-associated wobbler syndrome by a distractable vertebral titanium cage in seven dogs","volume":"40","author":"De Decker","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"1607","article-title":"Natural history and prognosis of cervical spondylosis","volume":"2","author":"Lees","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"87","article-title":"The pathogenesis of the spinal cord disorder associated with cervical spondylosis","volume":"95","author":"Nurick","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"269","article-title":"Conservative treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: prediction of treatment effects by multivariate analysis","volume":"1","author":"Yoshimatsu","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"2474","article-title":"Prognostic factors for deterioration of patients with cervical spondylomyelopathy after nonsurgical treatment","volume":"32","author":"Shimomura","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","first-page":"16","article-title":"Predictive factors for mild forms of spondylotic cervical myelopathy treated conservatively or surgically","volume":"12","author":"Kadanka","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"2573","article-title":"Cross-sectional transverse area and hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging in relation to the clinical picture in cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"32","author":"Kadanka","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"74","article-title":"Intraobserver and interobserver agreement for results of low-field magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with and without clinical signs of disk-associated wobbler syndrome","volume":"238","author":"De Decker","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"550","article-title":"Increased MR signal intensity secondary to chronic cervical cord compression","volume":"29","author":"Takahashi","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"677","article-title":"Increased signal intensity of the spinal cord on magnetic resonance images in cervical compressive myelopathy. Does it predict the outcome of conservative treatment?","volume":"25","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effect of intramedullary signal changes on the surgical outcome of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"3","author":"Suri","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Correlation between operative outcomes of cervical compression myelopathy and MRI of the spinal cord","volume":"26","author":"Morio","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"455","article-title":"Can intramedullary signal change on magnetic resonance imaging predict surgical outcome in cervical spondylotic myelopathy?","volume":"24","author":"Wada","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"17","article-title":"Cervical spondylotic myelopathy due to chronic compression: the role of signal intensity changes in magnetic resonance images","volume":"6","author":"Fernandez de Rota","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"J Neuroimaging","first-page":"315","article-title":"Clinical and MRI predictors of outcome after surgical intervention for cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"17","author":"Alafifi","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref52","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"615","article-title":"Prognostic relevance of the postoperative evolution of intramedullary spinal cord changes in signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging after anterior decompression for cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"7","author":"Mastronardi","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref53","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"1185","article-title":"High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and 18FDG-PET findings of the cervical spinal cord before and after decompressive surgery in patients with compressive myelopathy","volume":"34","author":"Uchida","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref54","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"217","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"26","author":"Mehalic","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref55","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Correlation between histopathologic features and magnetic resonance images of spinal cord lesions","volume":"18","author":"Ohsio","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref56","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"507","article-title":"Medical record-derived functional assessments of spinal cord injury","volume":"50","author":"Levine","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref57","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"890","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein as a prognostic biomarker in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation","volume":"24","author":"Levine","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref58","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"210","article-title":"Administering corticosteroids in neurologic diseases","volume":"27","author":"Platt","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref59","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"503","article-title":"Glucocorticoid therapy","volume":"1","author":"Cohn","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref60","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"246","article-title":"Vacuolar hepatopathy in dogs: 336 cases (1993\u20132005)","volume":"229","author":"Sepesy","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref61","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"722","article-title":"Phase 1 clinical trial of 4-aminopyridine derivates in dogs with chronic myelopathies","volume":"22","author":"Olby","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/240\/7\/javma.240.7.848.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/240\/7\/javma.240.7.848.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/240\/7\/javma.240.7.848.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:12:45Z","timestamp":1741353165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/240\/7\/javma.240.7.848.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.240.7.848","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]}}}