{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T08:37:18Z","timestamp":1782549438453,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014A 5-year-old 2.23-kg (4.91-lb) spayed female Lop rabbit (<jats:italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus<\/jats:italic>) was evaluated because of a history of lethargy, polyuria, and polydipsia of 1 month's duration. The referring veterinarian made a presumptive diagnosis of hypercalcemia of unknown etiology on the basis of a plasma total calcium concentration of 14.0 mg\/dL.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014Physical examination findings were unremarkable. Hematologic and plasma biochemical analysis revealed nonregenerative, normocytic, normochromic anemia (PCV, 28%) with heteropenia (23%; 1,334 heterophils\/mL) and a total plasma calcium concentration of 16 mg\/dL. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examination revealed radiodense and hyperechoic structures in both renal pelves and right unilateral nephrolithiasis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014Nephrotomy was performed via laparotomy with a right lateral approach. A nephrolith composed of calcium carbonate and carbonate apatite was removed from the right renal pelvis. The rabbit's plasma tested positive for antibodies against <jats:italic>Encephalitozoon cuniculi<\/jats:italic> by means of an indirect immunofluorescence assay, and fenbendazole (20 mg\/kg [9.1 mg\/lb], PO, q 24 h) was administered for 28 days. Although plasma calcium concentration was not substantially decreased after treatment (values were 14.1 and 15.1 mg\/dL 1 week and 3 months after surgery, respectively), the patient did not have clinical signs of hypercalcemia and died of unrelated causes approximately 1 year after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a nephrotomy performed in a rabbit via a lateral abdominal approach. This approach allowed easy location of the kidney and also reduced manipulation, thus decreasing the risk of damaging the abdominal viscera and potentially decreasing postoperative pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.7.863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,24]],"date-time":"2012-03-24T18:37:12Z","timestamp":1332614232000},"page":"863-868","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Lateral approach to nephrotomy in the management of unilateral renal calculi in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Jaime","family":"Martorell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Bailon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Maj\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Andaluz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents","first-page":"147","article-title":"Rabbits: basic approach to veterinary care","author":"Mader","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Exotic animal formulary","first-page":"409","article-title":"Rabbits","author":"Hernandez-Divers","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Rabbit feeding and nutrition","author":"Cheek","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents","first-page":"183","article-title":"Rabbits: disorders of the reproductive and urinary systems","author":"Par\u00e9","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Textbook of rabbit medicine","first-page":"335","article-title":"Urinogenital diseases","author":"Harcourt-Brown","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents","first-page":"155","article-title":"Rabbits: nutrition and gastrointestinal physiology","author":"Brooks","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Clin Exot Anim","first-page":"33","article-title":"Exotic mammal renal disease: causes and clinical presentation","volume":"9","author":"Fischer","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","first-page":"135","article-title":"Rabbit clinical pathology","volume":"16","author":"Melillo","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Clin Exot Anim","first-page":"139","article-title":"Hormonal regulation and calcium metabolism in the rabbit","volume":"7","author":"Eckermann-Ross","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Clin Exot Anim","first-page":"69","article-title":"Exotic mammal renal disease: diagnoses and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Fischer","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"787","article-title":"Radiographic signs of renal disease in rabbits","volume":"160","author":"Harcourt-Brown","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Laboratory medicine: avian and exotic pets","first-page":"311","article-title":"Rabbit and ferret renal disease diagnosis","author":"Fudge","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Rev Educ Contin CRMV-SP","first-page":"38","article-title":"Ureterolit\u00edases obstrutivas em c\u00e3es: avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da fun\u00e7\u00e3o renal na indica\u00e7\u00e3o da ureterotomia ou ureteronefrectomia","volume":"8","author":"Castro","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Textbook of rabbit medicine","first-page":"19","article-title":"Diet and husbandry","author":"Harcourt-Brown","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res","first-page":"359","article-title":"Calcinogenic activity of vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 palmitate in rat and rabbit","volume":"51","author":"Rambeck","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","first-page":"290","article-title":"Vitamin D(2) supplementation induces the development of aortic stenosis in rabbits: interactions with endothelial function and thioredoxin-interacting protein","volume":"590","author":"Ngo","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Nutrition of small pets. 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