{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:46:00Z","timestamp":1775742360550,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014A 5-year-old 8.6-kg (18.9-lb) spayed female Pug was evaluated because of chronic hematuria and recurrent urinary tract infections.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014Excretory urography, ultrasonography, and excretory CT urography were performed. Results indicated that the dog had bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter and suspected proximal ureteral stenosis. Retrograde ureteropyelography confirmed the presence of stenosis at the ureteropelvic junction of each ureter, along with a large amount of endoluminal ureteral debris. Clinical findings suggested that the dog had a congenital bilateral anomaly of the upper urinary tract.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014The dog was anesthetized, and 2 double-pigtail ureteral stents were placed cystoscopically with fluoroscopic guidance for immediate relief of the ureteropelvic junction obstructions. Each stent extended from the left or right renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. The procedures and the patient's recovery from anesthesia were uncomplicated. Continuing improvements in severity of hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and dysuria were evident during routine follow-up examinations at 2, 4, 12, 16, and 45 weeks after stent placement. Over the subsequent 12 months, all clinical signs remained resolved other than a urinary tract infection that was successfully treated with antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Ureteral stenosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for hydronephrosis in dogs, particularly when urinary tract calculi or neoplasia is not present. Chronic hematuria and recurrent urinary tract infections can be associated with this condition. Placement of ureteral stents may be a successful treatment option for ameliorization of congenital ureteral obstructions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.8.983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,3]],"date-time":"2012-04-03T21:33:20Z","timestamp":1333488800000},"page":"983-990","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Endoscopic placement of ureteral stents for treatment of congenital bilateral ureteral stenosis in a dog"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Nathaniel K.","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allyson C.","family":"Berent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chick W.","family":"Weisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Mackin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Demetrius H.","family":"Bagley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"937","article-title":"Management and outcome of cats with ureteral calculi: 153 cases (1984\u20132002)","volume":"226","author":"Kyles","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"828","article-title":"Dried solidified blood calculi in the urinary tract of cats","volume":"20","author":"Westropp","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"932","article-title":"Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984\u20132002)","volume":"226","author":"Kyles","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"1619","article-title":"Ureters","author":"McLouglin","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"1875","article-title":"Ureteral diseases","author":"Ludwig","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"345","article-title":"Canine ureteral ectopia: an analysis of 175 cases and comparison of surgical treatments","volume":"136","author":"Holt","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"389","article-title":"Comparison of two surgical techniques for management of intramural ureteral ectopia in dogs: 36 cases (1994\u20132004)","volume":"229","author":"Mayhew","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Use of cystoscopic-guided laser ablation for treatment of intramural ureteral ectopia in male dogs: four cases (2006\u20132007)","volume":"232","author":"Berent","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"475","article-title":"Evaluation of transurethral cystoscopy and excretory urography for diagnosis of ectopic ureters in female dogs: 25 cases (1992\u20132000)","volume":"223","author":"Cannizzo","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"24","article-title":"Retrocaval ureter in a cat","volume":"159","author":"Cornillie","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"420","article-title":"Proximal ureteral ectopia causing hydronephrosis in a kitten","volume":"8","author":"D'Ippolito","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"371","article-title":"Asymptomatic double ureteral stricture in an 8-month-old Maine Coon cat: an imaging-based case report","volume":"6","author":"Zotti","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"389","article-title":"Circumcaval ureter associated with an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a dog","volume":"228","author":"Doust","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci","first-page":"34","article-title":"Congenital bilateral ureteral stenosis and hydronephrosis in a neonatal puppy","volume":"39","author":"Pullium","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Pediatr Surg Int","first-page":"513","article-title":"Congenital ureteric stenosis: a study of 17 children","volume":"25","author":"Kannaiyan","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Pediatr Urol","first-page":"401","article-title":"Congenital bilateral mid-ureteral stricture: a unique case","volume":"4","author":"Domenichelli","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Eur Urol","first-page":"287","article-title":"Obstruction and normal recanalization of the ureter in the human embryo. 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