{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T23:07:46Z","timestamp":1785366466338,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To describe pathological findings identified with MRI in the distal tarsal bones of horses with unilateral hind limb lameness attributable to tarsal pain and to compare the usefulness of MRI with that of radiography and nuclear scintigraphy in evaluation of this region.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201420 lame horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014In all horses, MRI, radiography (4 standard projections), and nuclear scintigraphy of the tarsus had been performed. Horses were excluded if the results of all 3 imaging modalities were not available or if lameness was detected in more than 1 limb. Pathological changes identified with MRI were cross-referenced with the findings determined with other imaging modalities.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Compared with MRI findings, the following lesions were identified with radiography: medullary and subchondral bone sclerosis in 9 of 16 horses, pathological changes related to osseous hyperintensity in 0 of 10 horses, and osteoarthritis in 5 of 8 horses. Standard radiographic projections did not aid in the identification of fracture of the distal tarsal bones (3 horses). Location of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake with nuclear scintigraphy corresponded with the location of pathological changes detected with MRI in all horses. The intensity of the radiopharmaceutical uptake on nuclear scintigraphic images did not correspond with the severity of the pathological changes identified with MRI.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Radiography was unreliable for the detection of pathological changes related to osseous hyperintensity identified with MRI, fracture, and subchondral bone sclerosis in the equine tarsus. Nuclear scintigraphy was effective in localizing pathological changes, but MRI provided superior anatomic detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.9.1109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,19]],"date-time":"2012-04-19T14:39:55Z","timestamp":1334846395000},"page":"1109-1114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Comparison of radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging for detection of specific conditions of the distal tarsal bones of horses: 20 cases (2006\u20132010)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Daniel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carter E.","family":"Judy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Rick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis C.","family":"Saveraid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Herthel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Manual of equine practice","first-page":"112","article-title":"Hindlimb abnormalities","author":"Rose","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Current therapy in equine medicine","first-page":"88","article-title":"Pain associated with the distal tarsal joints of the hock","author":"Bohannon","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"728","article-title":"Forces loading the tarsal joint in the hind limb of the horse, determined from in vivo strain measurements of the third metatarsal bone","volume":"50","author":"Schamhardt","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"488","article-title":"Interpreting radiographs 5: radiology of the equine hock","volume":"16","author":"Shelley","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Adams' lameness in horses","first-page":"930","article-title":"The tarsus","author":"Sullins","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"188","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of the equine tarsal region using radiography and ultrasonography. Part 2: bony disorders","volume":"179","author":"Vanderperren","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"345","article-title":"Nuclear scintigraphic evaluation of the distal tarsal region in normal horses","volume":"45","author":"Murray","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"171","article-title":"Nuclear scintigraphic evaluation of the distal tarsal region in horses with distal tarsal pain","volume":"46","author":"Murray","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"263","article-title":"In search of clinical truths: equine and comparative studies of anatomy","volume":"39","author":"Latorre","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"756","article-title":"Correlation of magnetic resonance images with anatomic features of the equine tarsus","volume":"67","author":"Latorre","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"131","article-title":"Low field magnetic resonance imaging of the equine tarsus: normal anatomy","volume":"41","author":"Blaik","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"101","article-title":"Alteration of distal tarsal subchondral bone thickness pattern in horses with tarsal pain","volume":"39","author":"Branch","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"450","article-title":"Is there a characteristic distal tarsal subchondral bone plate thickness pattern in horses with no history of hindlimb lameness","volume":"37","author":"Branch","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Equine scintigraphy","first-page":"53","article-title":"Image acquisition, post processing, display and storage","author":"Weekes","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Equine scintigraphy","first-page":"87","article-title":"Image description and interpretation in musculoskeletal scintigraphy","author":"Dyson","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Guide for veterinary service and judging of equestrian events","author":"Swanson","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"312","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of subarticular bone marrow lesions in dogs with stifle lameness","volume":"48","author":"Winegardner","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Clinical magnetic resonance imaging","first-page":"3545","article-title":"Bone marrow","volume":"3","author":"Lazarus","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"835","article-title":"Bone marrow edema pattern in osteoarthritic knees: correlation between MR imaging and histologic findings","volume":"215","author":"Zanetti","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Clinical magnetic resonance imaging","first-page":"3436","article-title":"Ankle and foot","volume":"3","author":"Beltran","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR","first-page":"396","article-title":"Bone bruises: their patterns and significance","volume":"15","author":"Newberg","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"557","article-title":"Occult osteochondral cyst like lesions of the equine tarsocrural joint","volume":"33","author":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"438","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of stress fractures in a horse","volume":"44","author":"Tapprest","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Clinical radiology of the horse","first-page":"158","author":"Butler","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/240\/9\/javma.240.9.1109.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/240\/9\/javma.240.9.1109.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/240\/9\/javma.240.9.1109.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:11:54Z","timestamp":1741353114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/240\/9\/javma.240.9.1109.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.240.9.1109","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]}}}