{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:50:38Z","timestamp":1775742638456,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014A 1.5-year-old mixed-breed dog was examined because of a 1-month history of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014The dog was very thin on physical examination (body condition score, 3\/9). Results of all diagnostic tests were within reference limits except intestinal thickening and lymphadenopathy were identified on abdominal ultrasound examination. During exploratory laparotomy, thickening at the ileocecal-colic junction and within the transverse colon and mesenteric lymphadenopathy were identified, and the ileocecal-colic junction was resected. Histopathologic evaluation of the ileocecal-colic junction and full-thickness biopsy specimens from other sites as well as results of a serum ELISA were diagnostic for gastrointestinal <jats:italic>Pythium insidiosum<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014Pythiosis was initially treated medically with administration of itraconazole and terbinafine by mouth, but the colonic lesion was progressive with this regimen. Two months after diagnosis, a subtotal colectomy was performed; marginal excision (0.6 cm) was obtained at the aboral margin. The dog was treated with 3 doses of a pythiosis vaccine beginning approximately 2 weeks after surgery and was continued on itraconazole and terbinafine for 5 months. Parenteral and enteral nutrition as well as considerable general supportive care were required postoperatively. Six months after treatment, the dog had a normal serum ELISA titer. Two years after treatment, the dog had returned to preoperative weight and was clinically normal.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014This patient had an unusually positive therapeutic response to chronic, extensive, marginally excised gastrointestinal pythiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.3.358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,19]],"date-time":"2012-07-19T18:56:36Z","timestamp":1342724196000},"page":"358-363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Treatment of intestinal pythiosis in a dog with a combination of marginal excision, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Chad W.","family":"Schmiedt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meri","family":"Stratton-Phelps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan T.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth W.","family":"Uhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen K.","family":"Cornell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"142","article-title":"Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of pythiosis in dogs","volume":"16","author":"Grooters","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"695","article-title":"Pythiosis, lagenidiosis, and zygomycosis in small animals","volume":"33","author":"Grooters","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Gastrointestinal pythiosis in 10 dogs from California","volume":"22","author":"Berryessa","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"219","article-title":"Intestinal canine pythiosis in Venezuela confirmed by serological and sequencing analysis","volume":"159","author":"Mendoza","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"301","article-title":"Cutaneous and gastrointestinal pythiosis in a dog in Brazil","volume":"34","author":"Pereira","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"539","article-title":"Successful management of gastrointestinal pythiosis in a dog using itraconazole, terbinafine, and mefenoxam","volume":"49","author":"Hummel","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"115","article-title":"Hypercalcemia associated with gastric pythiosis in a dog","volume":"37","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"202","article-title":"Cutaneous pythiosis in a dog from Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Neto","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"215","article-title":"Immunotherapy for treatment of multicentric cutaneous pythiosis in a dog","volume":"223","author":"Hensel","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"2797","article-title":"An improved Pythium insidiosum-vaccine formulation with enhanced immunotherapeutic properties in horses and dogs with pythiosis","volume":"21","author":"Mendoza","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"89","article-title":"Evaluation of two vaccines for the treatment of pythiosis insidiosi in horses","volume":"119","author":"Mendoza","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"182","article-title":"Short-bowel syndrome in dogs and cats","volume":"28","author":"Kouti","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"618","article-title":"Long-term results of subtotal colectomy for acquired hypertrophic megacolon in eight dogs","volume":"49","author":"Nemeth","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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