{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:37:33Z","timestamp":1777462653141,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the apparent prevalence of shedding of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp in healthy alpaca crias and their dams on 14 farms in New York and 1 farm in Pennsylvania.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014110 alpaca crias and their 110 dams.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Fecal samples were obtained from 220 alpacas at 14 alpaca farms in New York and 1 farm in Pennsylvania. For each animal, age, sex, and health condition were recorded. A fecal score (1 = normally formed; 2 = soft or loose; 3 = diarrhetic) was recorded for each cria. <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> oocysts were identified in fecal samples by a direct immunofluorescence assay.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Apparent prevalence of fecal shedding of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> oocysts was 8% (95% confidence interval, 4% to 15%) in dams and was 7% (95% confidence interval, 3% to 13%) in crias. There was no significant difference in age between dams with positive fecal test results for <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> oocysts (median age, 4 years; range, 3 to 8 years) and dams with negative results (median age, 4 years; range, 2.5 to 19 years). No significant difference was found in age between crias with positive fecal test results (median age, 20 days; range, 7 to 53 days) and those with negative results (median, 36 days; range, 2 to 111 days). No significant difference in fecal scores was found between crias with positive versus negative fecal test results.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014A higher than previously reported apparent prevalence of fecal shedding of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> oocysts in healthy alpacas was found. A zoonotic risk should be considered, especially for <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.4.496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T14:35:30Z","timestamp":1343831730000},"page":"496-498","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts in healthy alpaca crias and their dams"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Alexandra J.","family":"Burton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daryl V.","family":"Nydam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharyn J.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dwight D.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"126","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"37","article-title":"Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite","volume":"147","author":"Fayer","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.2.294","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in 20 alpaca crias","volume":"233","author":"Waitt","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.01.017","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in two alpaca (Lama pacos) holdings in the south-west of England","volume":"175","author":"Twomey","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.10.1562","article-title":"An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among alpaca crias and their human caregivers","volume":"231","author":"Starkey","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.1806","article-title":"Potential pathogens in the feces from unweaned llamas and alpacas with diarrhea","volume":"223","author":"Cebra","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.637","article-title":"Fecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella organisms, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from llamas in California","volume":"62","author":"Rulofson","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.02.006","article-title":"Detection of assemblage A, Giardia duodenalis and Eimeria spp. in alpacas on two Maryland farms","volume":"153","author":"Trout","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.11.2944-2946.1993","article-title":"Quantitation of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples by direct immunofluorescence assay","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.05.012","article-title":"Cryptosporidium 162 GP60 genotypes from humans and domesticated animals in Australia, North America and Europe","volume":"118","author":"O'Brien","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.028","article-title":"Cryptosporidium ubiquitum n. sp. in animals and humans","volume":"172","author":"Fayer","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.018","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update","volume":"124","author":"Xiao","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0431.x","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in people: it's not just about the cows","volume":"24","author":"Chako","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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