{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:28:52Z","timestamp":1790389732398,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014To assess effects of foods fortified with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)\u2013rich fish oil on cognitive, memory, psychomotor, immunologic, and retinal function and other measures of development in healthy puppies.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Design<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014Evaluation study.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Animals<\/jats:bold>\n \u201448 Beagle puppies.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014Puppies were assigned to 3 groups after weaning (n = 16\/group) and received 1 of 3 foods (low-DHA, moderate-DHA, or high-DHA food) as their sole source of nutrition until 1 year of age. Visual discrimination learning and memory tasks, psychomotor performance tasks, and physiologic tests including blood and serum analysis, electroretinography, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were performed at various time points. Anti-rabies virus antibody titers were evaluated 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after vaccination at 16 weeks of age.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014Foods had similar proximate analysis results but varied in concentration of DHA from fish oil; the high-DHA food also contained higher concentrations of vitamin E, taurine, choline, and\n l<\/jats:sc>\n -carnitine than did other foods. The high-DHA group had significantly better results for reversal task learning, visual contrast discrimination, and early psychomotor performance in side-to-side navigation through an obstacle-containing maze than did the moderate-DHA and low-DHA groups. The high-DHA group had significantly higher anti-rabies antibody titers 1 and 2 weeks after vaccination than did other groups. Peak b-wave amplitudes during scotopic electroretinography were positively correlated with serum DHA concentrations at all evaluated time points.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014Dietary fortification with fish oils rich in DHA and possibly other nutrients implicated in neurocognitive development following weaning improved cognitive, memory, psychomotor, immunologic, and retinal functions in growing dogs.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.5.583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,23]],"date-time":"2012-08-23T11:05:11Z","timestamp":1345719911000},"page":"583-594","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Evaluation of cognitive learning, memory, psychomotor, immunologic, and retinal functions in healthy puppies fed foods fortified with docosahexaenoic acid\u2013rich fish oil from 8 to 52 weeks of age"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Zicker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis E.","family":"Jewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Yamka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norton W.","family":"Milgram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Nutrition and performance in children","first-page":"342","volume":"10","author":"Fanjiang","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"The presence of mind: on reunifying the animal mind and body","first-page":"1723","volume":"218","author":"McMillan","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Combining an antioxidant-fortified diet with behavioral enrichment leads to cognitive improvement and reduced brain pathology in aging canines: strategies for healthy aging","first-page":"398","volume":"1114","author":"Head","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Learning ability in aged Beagle dogs is preserved by behavioural enrichment and dietary fortification: a two year longitudinal study","first-page":"77","volume":"26","author":"Milgram","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Long-chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids are more efficient than alphalinolenic acid in improving electroretinogram responses of puppies exposed during gestation, lactation, and weaning","first-page":"1960","volume":"135","author":"Heinemann","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid and neurologic development in animals","first-page":"700","volume":"228","author":"Heinemann","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Cognitive functions and aging in the dog: acquisition of nonspatial visual tasks","first-page":"57","volume":"108","author":"Milgram","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Dietary enrichment counteracts age-associated cognitive dysfunction in canines","first-page":"737","volume":"23","author":"Milgram","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Landmark discrimination learning in the dog","first-page":"54","volume":"6","author":"Milgram","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Visuospatial impairments in aged canines: the role of cognitive-behavioral flexibility","first-page":"443","volume":"116","author":"Chan","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Small animal clinical nutrition: an iterative process","author":"Thatcher"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Guidelines for clinical electroretinography in the dog","first-page":"83","volume":"105","author":"Narfstrom","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"A novel method for assessing contrast sensitivity in the Beagle dog is sensitive to age and an antioxidant enriched food","first-page":"379","volume":"29","author":"de Rivera","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref14"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Interactions among antioxidants in health and disease: vitamin E and its redox cycle","first-page":"271","author":"Packer","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"A controlled trial of selegeline, alpha-tocopheral, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. 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ambulatory activity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the brain of old rats","first-page":"117","volume":"1033","author":"Liu","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Taurine and carnitine in canine cardiomyopathy","first-page":"1325","volume":"36","author":"Sanderson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Effect of vitamin E on memory retention in rats: possible involvement of cholingergic system","first-page":"101","volume":"16","author":"Eidi","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"The influences of rearing environment and neonatal choline dietary supplementation on spatial learning and memory in adult rats","first-page":"173","volume":"105","author":"Tees","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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