{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:12:02Z","timestamp":1791295922134,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Summary<\/jats:bold>\u2014During 2011, 49 states and Puerto Rico reported 6,031 rabid animals and 6 human rabies cases to the CDC, representing a 1.9% decrease from the 6,153 rabid animals and 2 human cases reported in 2010. Approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. Relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 1,981 raccoons (32.8%), 1,627 skunks (27.0%), 1,380 bats (22.9%), 427 foxes (7.1%), 303 cats (5.0%), 65 cattle (1.1%), and 70 dogs (1.2%). Compared with 2010, there was a substantial increase in the number of rabid skunks reported. Six cases of rabies involving humans were reported from California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and South Carolina. Three cases reported from Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York were determined to be a result of canine rabies virus variants acquired outside the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.6.712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,4]],"date-time":"2012-09-04T14:55:33Z","timestamp":1346770533000},"page":"712-722","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2011"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Blanton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"McBrayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human rabies prevention\u2014United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","volume":"57","author":"Manning","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies","volume":"59","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Rabies","first-page":"1","article-title":"The history of rabies","author":"Baer","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1412.080876","article-title":"Enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, United States","volume":"14","author":"Velasco-Villa","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.240326697","article-title":"Predicting the local dynamics of epizootic rabies among raccoons in the United States","volume":"97","author":"Childs","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.03.001","article-title":"Factors associated with endemic raccoon (Procyon lotor) rabies in terrestrial mammals in New York State, USA","volume":"86","author":"Recuenco","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"661","volume":"41","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"580","volume":"44","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"1076","volume":"57","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","first-page":"421","article-title":"Importation of dogs into the United States: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases","volume":"55","author":"McQuiston","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.020608","article-title":"Skunk and raccoon rabies in the eastern United States: temporal and spatial analysis","volume":"9","author":"Guerra","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1208.051526","article-title":"Bat-associated rabies virus in skunks","volume":"12","author":"Leslie","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810000762","article-title":"New rabies virus variant found during an epizootic in white-nosed coatis from the Yucatan Peninsula","volume":"138","author":"Ar\u00e9chiga-Ceballos","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"PLoS Pathog [serial online]","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002786","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002786","article-title":"Molecular inferences suggest multiple host shifts of rabies viruses from bats to mesocarnivores in Arizona during 2001\u20132009","volume":"8","author":"Kuzmin","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Rabies","first-page":"259","article-title":"Bat rabies","author":"Kuzmin","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0839","article-title":"Trends in national surveillance data for bat rabies in the United States: 2001\u20132009","volume":"12","author":"Patyk","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188836","article-title":"Host phylogeny constrains cross-species emergence and establishment of rabies virus in bats","volume":"329","author":"Streicker","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Public health reporting and national notification for animal rabies. 09-ID-12","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"National surveillance for human rabies. 09-ID-70","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Protocol for postmortem diagnosis of rabies in animals by direct fluorescent antibody testing","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis [serial online]","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000549","article-title":"Oral rabies vaccination in North America: opportunities, complexities, and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Slate","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.239.6.773","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2010","volume":"239","author":"Blanton","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Adv Virus Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60586-2","article-title":"Rabies virus epitopic variation: use in ecologic studies","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.5.1697-1710.2006","article-title":"Molecular diversity of rabies viruses associated with bats in Mexico and other countries of the Americas","volume":"44","author":"Velasco-Villa","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","volume":"60","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"61","volume":"61","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"1734","volume":"60","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"302","volume":"61","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.2.251","article-title":"Direct and indirect costs of rabies exposure: a retrospective study in Southern California (1998\u20132002)","volume":"43","author":"Shwiff","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Dev Biol (Basel)","first-page":"3","article-title":"The control of rabies in Eurasia: overview, history and background","volume":"131","author":"Blancou","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Vaccine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.08.005","article-title":"Safety studies on an adenovirus recombinant vaccine for rabies (AdRG1.3-ONRAB\u00ae) in target and non-target species","volume":"27","author":"Knowles","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.1.157","article-title":"Comparing Onrab\u00ae and Raboral V-Rg\u00ae oral rabies vaccine field performance in raccoons and striped skunks, New Brunswick, Canada, and Maine, USA","volume":"48","author":"Fehlner-Gardiner","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"360","article-title":"Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia","volume":"83","author":"Knobel","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Case Studies for Global Health website. The Bohol Rabies Project: a model for a sustainable rabies prevention and elimination program","author":"Elliott","year":"May 3, 2012"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis [serial online]","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1388","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001388","article-title":"The blueprint for rabies prevention and control: a novel operational toolkit for rabies elimination","volume":"6","author":"Lembo","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/241\/6\/javma.241.6.712.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/241\/6\/javma.241.6.712.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/241\/6\/javma.241.6.712.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:37:07Z","timestamp":1741347427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/241\/6\/javma.241.6.712.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,15]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.241.6.712","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,15]]}}}