{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:01:57Z","timestamp":1784545317542,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To describe the clinical course and outcome in horses in which <jats:italic>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infections were associated with musculoskeletal disease and lameness.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201435 horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Clinical and clinicopathologic data were collected from horses diagnosed with lameness associated with <jats:italic>C pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection between 1999 and 2009.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u201432 (91.4%) horses had grade 4\/5 lameness. Three (8.6%) horses had grade 5\/5 lameness. Abscesses were diagnosed by clinical or ultrasonographic examination. Abscesses were located in the axillary or triceps region in 25 (71.4%) horses, the stifle region in 2 (5.7%), and the popliteal lymph node in 1 (2.9%). Diffuse lymphangitis was seen in 4 (11.4%) horses, osteomyelitis in 2 (5.7%) horses, and septic arthritis in 2 (5.7%) horses. Horses commonly had clinicopathologic abnormalities characterized by neutrophilia (96.4%), anemia (67.8%), hypoalbuminemia (66.6%), or hyperfibrinogenemia (42.8%). Treatment included surgical drainage of the abscess in 21 (60%) horses, performed under ultrasonography in 20 horses; anti-inflammatory medications in 34 (97.1 %) horses; and antimicrobials in 30 (85.7%) horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014<jats:italic>C pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection of the limbs in horses typically results in severe lameness but may have a favorable prognosis. The diagnosis may be challenging, and results of blood work consistent with inflammation are nonspecific, but anemia, hyperglobulinemia, and increased synergistic hemolysis inhibition titers are common. Ultrasonography may localize the lesions and facilitate surgical drainage to alleviate lameness. When <jats:italic>C pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> musculoskeletal infection results in osteomyelitis or septic arthritis, the prognosis for survival is poor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.6.771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,4]],"date-time":"2012-09-04T14:55:33Z","timestamp":1346770533000},"page":"771-777","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Musculoskeletal Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses: 35 cases (1999\u20132009)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Nora","family":"Nogradi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Spier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balazs","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betsy","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Veterinary microbiology","first-page":"127","article-title":"Corynebacteria; Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes; Rhodococcus equi","author":"Biberstein","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"18","article-title":"Suppurative lesions in horses and a calf of California due to the diphtheroid bacillus of Preisz-Nocard","volume":"1","author":"Hall","year":"1915"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"559","article-title":"Chronic equine abscesses associated with Corynebacterium 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