{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:55:53Z","timestamp":1790672153503,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate whether the presence of a gastric foreign body (gFB) is a significant risk factor for gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) in dogs and to quantify the change in likelihood of developing GDV associated with the presence of a gFB.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014118 large- or giant-breed dogs treated surgically for an episode of GDV and 342 large- or giant-breed dogs (&gt; 12 months old) that underwent abdominal surgery for reasons other than GDV.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014During exploratory celiotomy, all dogs underwent palpation and visual examination of the entire gastrointestinal tract. A foreign body was defined as nondigestible or slowly digestible material palpated during gastrointestinal tract examination that was causing clinical signs or was &gt; 10 cm in length or &gt; 2 cm in width.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The incidence of gFBs was significantly higher in the group of dogs with GDV. The presence of a gFB, age, weight, and purebred status were significant risk factors for GDV. Odds ratios were calculated for gFB (OR, 4.920), age (OR, 1.157), weight (OR, 0.958) and purebred status (OR, 4.836).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Gastric foreign body was found to be a significant risk factor for GDV in dogs. The study findings suggested that a large- or giant-breed dog with a gFB was approximately 5 times as likely to develop GDV as a similar dog with no gFB. Results indicated that there was a strong correlation between gFB and GDV in dogs. However, further cohort studies are needed to determine whether there is a causal relationship between the presence of a gFB and the development of GDV in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.9.1190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,18]],"date-time":"2012-10-18T14:25:04Z","timestamp":1350570304000},"page":"1190-1193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Gastric foreign body as a risk factor for gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"de Battisti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Toscano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Formaggini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1974.tb05658.x","article-title":"A retrospective study of gastric dilation-torsion in the dog","volume":"15","author":"Betts","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50302-9","article-title":"Gastric dilatation volvulus. 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