{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:09:42Z","timestamp":1775768982818,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Two geldings, aged 11 and 17 years, were examined for treatment of ureteroliths located approximately 10 cm proximal to the bladder.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Ureteral obstruction was an incidental finding in 1 horse that was referred because of urinary tract obstruction and a cystic calculus. This horse did not have clinical or laboratory evidence of renal failure, although severe hydronephrosis was evident on transabdominal ultrasonography. The second patient had a serum creatinine concentration of 6.3 mg\/dL (reference range, 0.8 to 2.2 mg\/dL) and mild hydronephrosis of the affected left kidney.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014In both patients, the obstructed ureter was exteriorized through a flank incision as a standing procedure, and the calculus was crushed and removed with a uterine biopsy forceps introduced through a ureterotomy approximately 25 cm proximal to the calculus. The cystic calculus was removed through a perineal urethrostomy by lithotripsy, piecemeal extraction, and lavage. The horse without azotemia developed pyelonephritis in the affected kidney and was euthanatized because of complications of a nephrectomy 13 months later. In the horse with azotemia, the serum creatinine concentration decreased after surgery, and the horse returned to its intended use. However, it was euthanatized approximately 2 years after surgery because of progressive renal failure, and a large nephrolith was found in the previously unobstructed right kidney.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014The technique used for ureterolith removal was successful in both horses in this report, did not require sophisticated equipment, and could be effective in the early stages of ureteral obstruction as a means of restoring urine flow and renal function. The outcome in the horse with advanced unilateral renal disease without azotemia would suggest that nephrectomy should be considered as a treatment in such patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.9.1214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,18]],"date-time":"2012-10-18T10:25:04Z","timestamp":1350555904000},"page":"1214-1220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Removal of ureteral calculi in two geldings via a standing flank approach"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Frederick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"MacKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Matyjaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. Chris","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.x","article-title":"Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares","volume":"15","author":"Henneke","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Urethra","first-page":"887","author":"Lillich","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00306.x","article-title":"Left- and right-sided laparoscopic-assisted nephrectomy in standing horses with unilateral renal disease","volume":"36","author":"M","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Obstructive disease of the urinary tract","first-page":"1201","author":"Schott","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Bilateral ureterocystostomy in a 450-kg horse with ectopic ureters","volume":"201","author":"Squire","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"499","article-title":"Percutaneous nephrostomy in short-term management of ureterolithiasis and renal dysfunction in a filly","volume":"195","author":"Byars","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"95","article-title":"Two methods for the treatment of ureterolithiasis in a mare","volume":"13","author":"Macharg","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1985.tb00896.x","article-title":"Electrohydraulic lithotripsy for treatment of 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lithotripsy for treatment of urolithiasis in two geldings","volume":"212","author":"Howard","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.957","article-title":"Failure of holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser lithotripsy in two horses with calculi in the urinary bladder","volume":"219","author":"May","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2002.33480","article-title":"Endoscopic-assisted disruption of urinary calculi using a holmium: YAG laser in standing horses","volume":"31","author":"Judy","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01081.x","article-title":"Resolution of a left ureteral stone using electrohydraulic lithotripsy in a Thoroughbred 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Assoc","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Use of a temporary indwelling ureteral stent catheter in a mare with a traumatic ureteral tear","volume":"214","author":"Voss","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"122","article-title":"Effect of systemic lidocaine on visceral and somatic nociception in conscious horses","volume":"37","author":"Robertson","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04222.x","article-title":"Equine urine pH: normal population distributions and methods of acidification","volume":"22","author":"Wood","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(06)81362-6","article-title":"Dietary management of cystic calculi in a horse","volume":"12","author":"Reimillard","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med 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Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2002.33480","article-title":"Endoscopic-assisted disruption of urinary calculi using a holmium: YAG laser in standing horses","volume":"31","author":"Judy","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01081.x","article-title":"Resolution of a left ureteral stone using electrohydraulic lithotripsy in a Thoroughbred colt","volume":"9","author":"Rodger","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Sisson and Grossman's the anatomy of the domestic animals","first-page":"528","article-title":"Equine urogenital system","author":"Sisson","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Pferedeheilkunde","first-page":"197","article-title":"Urethroskopie und Ureterenkatheterisierung bei der Stute","volume":"1","author":"Rapp","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1992.tb00011.x","article-title":"Urolithiasis in 68 horses","volume":"21","author":"Laverty","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"249","article-title":"Obstructive nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis associated with chronic renal failure in horses: eight cases (1981\u20131987)","volume":"197","author":"Ehnen","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Use of a temporary indwelling ureteral stent catheter in a mare with a traumatic ureteral tear","volume":"214","author":"Voss","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"122","article-title":"Effect of systemic lidocaine on visceral and somatic nociception in conscious horses","volume":"37","author":"Robertson","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Equine Vet 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