{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T10:51:18Z","timestamp":1772880678731,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the frequency of and risk factors for complications associated with casts in horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Multicenter retrospective case series<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014398 horses with a half-limb or full-limb cast treated at 1 of 4 hospitals<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Data collected from medical records included age, breed, sex, injury, limb affected, time from injury to hospital admission, surgical procedure performed, type of cast (bandage cast [BC; fiberglass tape applied over a bandage] or traditional cast [TC; fiberglass tape applied over polyurethane resin-impregnated foam]), limb position in cast (flexed, neutral, or extended), and complications. Risk factors for cast complications were identified via multiple logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cast complications were detected in 197 of 398 (49%) horses (18\/53 [34%] horses with a BC and 179\/345 [52%] horses with a TC). Of the 197 horses with complications, 152 (77%) had clinical signs of complications prior to cast removal; the most common clinical signs were increased lameness severity and visibly detectable soft tissue damage Cast sores were the most common complication (179\/398 [45%] horses). Casts broke for 20 (5%) horses. Three (0.8%) horses developed a bone fracture attributable to casting Median time to detection of complications was 12 days and 8 days for horses with TCs and BCs, respectively. Complications developed in 71%, 48%, and 47% of horses with the casted limb in a flexed, neutral, and extended position, respectively. For horses with TCs, hospital, limb position in the cast, and sex were significant risk factors for development of cast complications.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicated that 49% of horses with a cast developed cast complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.1.93","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,12]],"date-time":"2012-12-12T19:09:04Z","timestamp":1355339344000},"page":"93-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Risk factors associated with cast complications in horses: 398 cases (1997\u20132006)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"John C.","family":"Janicek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott R.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy B.","family":"Lescun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loren","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carly R.","family":"Whittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Canaan","family":"Whitfield-Cargile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine fracture repair","first-page":"104","article-title":"Casting techniques","author":"Murray","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine surgery","first-page":"202","article-title":"Drains, bandages, and external coaptation","author":"Auer","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.1999.tb00962.x","article-title":"Distal limb cases in equine wound management","volume":"11","author":"Booth","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2009.00471.x","article-title":"Wounds of the pastern and foot region managed with phalangeal casts: 50 cases in 49 horses (1995\u20132006)","volume":"87","author":"Ketzner","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"701","article-title":"Equine limb casts: classification and indications","volume":"25","author":"Booth","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Resin impregnated foam as a cast liner on the distal equine limb","first-page":"481","author":"Bramlage","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"708","article-title":"Equine limb casts: materials and methods","volume":"25","author":"Booth","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Equine Pract","first-page":"14","article-title":"Use of an elevated boot to reduce contralateral support limb complications secondary to cast application in the horse","volume":"20","author":"Stokes","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X343046","article-title":"Distal limb cast sores in horses: risk factors and early detection using thermography","volume":"41","author":"Levet","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"104","article-title":"Effects of short-term cast immobilization on equine articular cartilage","volume":"54","author":"Richardson","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet 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Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.1997.tb01304.x","article-title":"Proximal sesamoid bone fracture following cast removal in 2 horses","volume":"9","author":"Malone","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"560","article-title":"Coxofemoral luxation in two foals wearing hindlimb casts","volume":"18","author":"Trotter","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2003.50059","article-title":"Healing characteristics of deep digital flexor tenorrhaphy within the digital sheath of horses","volume":"32","author":"Jann","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1992.tb00009.x","article-title":"Healing of transected equine superficial digital flexor tendons with and without 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