{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T09:51:23Z","timestamp":1786787483545,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To describe the clinical characteristics, treatments, outcomes, and factors associated with survival time in a cohort of dogs with lingual neoplasia that underwent surgical excision.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201497 client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records of dogs with a lingual tumor examined between 1995 and 2008 were reviewed. Records were included if a lingual tumor was confirmed by histologic examination and surgical excision of the mass was attempted. Data were recorded and analyzed to identify prognostic factors.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Clinical signs were mostly related to the oral cavity. For 93 dogs, marginal excision, subtotal glossectomy, and near-total glossectomy were performed in 35 (38%), 55 (59%), and 3 (3%), respectively. Surgery-related complications were rare, but 27 (28%) dogs had tumor recurrence. The most common histopathologic diagnoses for the 97 dogs were squamous cell carcinoma (31 [32%]) and malignant melanoma (29 [30%]). Eighteen (19%) dogs developed metastatic disease, and the overall median survival time was 483 days. Median survival time was 216 days for dogs with squamous cell carcinoma and 241 days for dogs with malignant melanoma. Dogs with lingual tumors \u2265 2 cm in diameter at diagnosis had a significantly shorter survival time than did dogs with tumors &lt; 2 cm.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Similar to previous studies, results indicated that lingual tumors are most commonly malignant, and squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma predominate. A thorough physical examination to identify lingual tumors at an early stage and surgical treatment after tumor identification are recommended because tumor size significantly affected survival time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.10.1392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T18:27:56Z","timestamp":1367432876000},"page":"1392-1397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Results of surgical excision and evaluation of factors associated with survival time in dogs with lingual neoplasia: 97 cases (1995\u20132008)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"William T. N.","family":"Culp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Ehrhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Withrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Rebhun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Boston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Buracco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra P.","family":"Schallberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles F.","family":"Aldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp D.","family":"Mayhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy C.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Frequency of and risk factors associated with lingual lesions in dogs: 1,196 cases (1995\u20132004)","first-page":"1533","volume":"228","author":"Dennis","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Canine tongue tumors: a retrospective review of 57 cases","first-page":"525","volume":"22","author":"Beck","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Retrospective evaluation of lingual tumors in 42 dogs: 1999\u20132005","first-page":"308","volume":"44","author":"Syrcle","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Oral tumors","first-page":"468","author":"Liptak","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Major glossectomy: end results of 106 cases","first-page":"407","volume":"32","author":"Magrin","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Association between lymph node size and metastasis in dogs with oral malignant melanoma: 100 cases (1987\u20132001)","first-page":"1234","volume":"222","author":"Williams","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Evaluation of prognostic factors for dogs with primary lung tumors: 67 cases (1985\u20131992)","first-page":"1422","volume":"211","author":"McNiel","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Prognostic importance of alkaline phosphatase activity in serum from dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma: 75 cases (1990\u20131996)","first-page":"1002","volume":"213","author":"Ehrhart","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Incidence and prognostic importance of lymph node metastases in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma: 228 cases (1986\u20132003)","first-page":"1364","volume":"226","author":"Hillers","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Comparison of results of computed tomography and radiography with histopathologic findings in tracheobronchial lymph nodes in dogs with primary lung tumors: 14 cases (1999\u20132002)","first-page":"1718","volume":"228","author":"Paoloni","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Correlation of ultrasound findings, liver and spleen cytology, and prognosis in the clinical staging of high metastatic risk canine mast cell tumors","first-page":"548","volume":"52","author":"Book","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Canine oral melanoma: comparison of surgery versus surgery plus Corynebacterium parvum","first-page":"397","volume":"4","author":"MacEwen","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Major glossectomy in dogs: a case series and proposed classification system","first-page":"331","volume":"40","author":"Dvorak","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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