{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T20:25:08Z","timestamp":1789590308801,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014To report thoracolumbar caudal articular process malformations with secondary constrictive fibrosis of the spinal cord in Pugs.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Design<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014Retrospective case series.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Animals<\/jats:bold>\n \u201411 Pugs with neurologic dysfunction resulting from constriction of fibrous tissue secondary to thoracolumbar caudal articular process malformation and 5 Pugs with no neurologic dysfunction.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014Medical records of dogs with myelopathy presumably caused by constriction of fibrous tissue secondary to thoracolumbar caudal articular process malformation at 2 referral institutions between 1993 and 2009 were reviewed. Dogs were included in the study if hypoplastic or aplastic thoracolumbar caudal articular processes were present on radiographs, CT images, or MRI images.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014The most common neurologic examination findings were paraparesis with ataxia or paraplegia but no evidence of hyperpathia along the vertebral column. All dogs' neurologic lesion localization was to the T3-L3 spinal cord segments. Median age at examination was 7. 7 years (range, 2 to 11 years). Five of 11 dogs had a history of unrelated trauma. Four of 11 dogs had urinary or fecal incontinence. Eight of 11 dogs underwent surgical exploration. Despite surgical intervention, all dogs that survived surgery continued to have neurologic deficits.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014In the present study, presence of aplastic or hypoplastic articular processes in the thoracolumbar region did not always produce neurologic signs. However, fibrous constrictive myelopathy should be considered in Pugs with pelvic limb gait and postural reaction deficits and lack of hyperpathia upon palpation of the vertebral column. Additional studies are warranted to further characterize the disease process and determine the most effective means of treatment.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.2.223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,31]],"date-time":"2012-12-31T09:02:53Z","timestamp":1356944573000},"page":"223-229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Constrictive myelopathy secondary to hypoplasia or aplasia of the thoracolumbar caudal articular processes in Pugs: 11 cases (1993\u20132009)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Shores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen T.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.05.009","article-title":"Congenital spinal malformations in small animals","volume":"40","author":"Westworth","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(92)50089-4","article-title":"Congenital spinal malformations","volume":"22","author":"Bailey","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Radiol Assoc","first-page":"21","article-title":"Congenital anomalies of the vertebral column of the dog: a study of the incidence and significance based on a radiographic and morphologic study","volume":"4","author":"Morgan","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.5326\/0400490","article-title":"Aplastic articular facets in a dog with intervertebral disk rupture of the 12th to 13th thoracic vertebral space","volume":"40","author":"Werner","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.19.601","article-title":"Dysplasia of the caudal vertebral articular facets in four dogs: results of radiographic, myelographic and magnetic resonance imaging investigations","volume":"156","author":"Penderis","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02474.x","article-title":"Thoracolumbar spinal cord compression due to vertebral process degenerative joint disease in a family of Shiloh Shepherd Dogs","volume":"17","author":"McDonnell","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology","first-page":"243","article-title":"Small animal spinal cord disease","author":"de Lahunta","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Handbook of veterinary neurology","first-page":"131","article-title":"Pelvic limb paresis, paralysis, or ataxia","author":"Lorenz","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Small animal spinal disorders diagnosis and surgery","first-page":"41","article-title":"Diagnostic aids","author":"Sharp","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Miller's anatomy of the dog","first-page":"32","article-title":"Prenatal development","author":"Evans","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Gray's anatomy","first-page":"315","article-title":"Osteology: the axial skeleton","author":"Williams","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Skeletal growth and development: clinical issues and basic science advances","first-page":"147","article-title":"Early and late functions of homeobox genes in the development of the axial skeleton","author":"Kappen","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"426","article-title":"An embryological approach to the clinical significance of congenital vertebral and spinal cord abnormalities","volume":"11","author":"Bailey","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195537060-00005","article-title":"The reaction of intervertebral discs to compressive forces","volume":"37","author":"Hirsch","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"266","article-title":"Spinal decompressive procedures and dorsal compartment injuries: comparative biomechanical study in canine cadavers","volume":"49","author":"Smith","year":"1988"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/242\/2\/javma.242.2.223.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/242\/2\/javma.242.2.223.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/242\/2\/javma.242.2.223.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T06:38:02Z","timestamp":1741329482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/242\/2\/javma.242.2.223.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.242.2.223","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]]}}}