{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:52:19Z","timestamp":1785577939547,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To assess the feasibility and usefulness of CT enterography to evaluate the gastrointestinal tract in clinically normal llamas and alpacas.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective observational study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20147 clinically normal alpacas and 8 clinically normal llamas.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014The imaging protocol included orogastric administration of iodinated contrast material mixed with water. Three hours later, helical CT scanning was performed of the entire abdomen with transverse and multiplanar sagittal and dorsal projections before and after IV iodinated contrast agent injection.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Both oral and IV contrast agents were well tolerated, and no adverse reactions were observed. Transverse images depicted the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas in the short axis; however, dorsal and sagittal projections aided in localizing and differentiating the various gastrointestinal segments, including the pancreas. In all camelids, the wall of the gastrointestinal tract was well differentiated. In all but 2 camelids, all gastrointestinal segments were well visualized and differentiated. In those 2 animals, the cecum was difficult to identify. Good distention of the small intestine was achieved by use of the oral contrast agent. The dorsal projections were useful to identify the pancreas in its entire length.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The present study supplied new information about gastrointestinal wall thickness, intestinal diameter, and location of the pancreas and ileocecocolic junction in alpacas and llamas. Multiplanar contrast-enhanced CT was useful to reveal the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and abdominal lymph nodes. The shorter time delay before imaging, compared with the delay with conventional barium studies, makes this technique complementary or superior to conventional radiographic or ultrasonographic studies for evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.2.254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,31]],"date-time":"2012-12-31T14:02:53Z","timestamp":1356962573000},"page":"254-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract in clinically normal alpacas and llamas"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"Susanne M.","family":"Stieger-Vanegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Cebra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00106.x","article-title":"Acute gastrointestinal disease in 27 New World camelids: clinical and surgical findings","volume":"27","author":"Cebra","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.02.007","article-title":"Gastrointestinal surgery in alpacas and llamas","volume":"25","author":"Newman","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01019.x","article-title":"Transabdominal ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy llamas and alpacas","volume":"43","author":"Cebra","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00885.x","article-title":"Radiographic contrast gastrointestinal study of the neonatal llama","volume":"40","author":"Timm","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"191","article-title":"What is your diagnosis? Intestinal ileus and dilatation","volume":"214","author":"Larsen","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1672","article-title":"Ileocecocolic intussusception in a one-month-old llama","volume":"214","author":"Costarella","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Radiol Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2007.03.012","article-title":"MR imaging of the small bowel","volume":"45","author":"Fidler","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Curr Probl Diagn Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2007.08.007","article-title":"Computed tomographic enterography and enteroclysis: pearls and pitfalls","volume":"37","author":"Dave-Verma","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01976.x","article-title":"Use of computed tomography to evaluate the intestinal tract of adult llamas","volume":"39","author":"Van Hoogmoed","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2010.02.017","article-title":"CT enterography","volume":"20","author":"Zamboni","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1267","article-title":"Mural attenuation in normal small bowel and active inflammatory Crohn's disease on CT enterography: location, absolute attenuation, relative attenuation, and the effect of wall thickness","volume":"192","author":"Baker","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.169.6.9393162","article-title":"Multiplanar helical CT enterography in animals with Crohn's disease","volume":"169","author":"Raptopoulos","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Medicine and surgery of South American camelids: llama, alpaca, vicuna, guanaco","first-page":"305","article-title":"Digestive system","author":"Fowler","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/242\/2\/javma.242.2.254.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/242\/2\/javma.242.2.254.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/242\/2\/javma.242.2.254.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:38:21Z","timestamp":1741347501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/242\/2\/javma.242.2.254.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.242.2.254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]]}}}