{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:31:07Z","timestamp":1761489067863,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\nObjective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare the cardiorespiratory effects of IM administration of dexmedetomidine-buprenorphine (DB) and dexmedetomidine-buprenorphine-ketamine (DBK) in dogs with subsequent reversal with atipamezole.<\/jats:p>\nDesign<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective, randomized crossover study.<\/jats:p>\nAnimals<\/jats:bold>\u20145 healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\nProcedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were instrumented for cardiac output (CO) measurement and received DB (15 \u03bcg of dexmedetomidine\/kg [6.8 \u03bcg\/lb] and 40 \u03bcg of buprenorphine\/kg [18.2 \u03bcg\/lb]) or DBK (DB plus 3 mg of ketamine\/kg [1.36 mg\/lb]) in randomized order while breathing room air. Atipamezole (150 \u03bcg\/kg [68.2 \u03bcg\/lb], IM) was administered 1 hour later. Hemodynamic data were collected in the conscious dogs and then at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after drug administration. Lactate concentration was measured in mixed venous blood samples. Oxygen delivery (Do<\/jats:sc>2<\/jats:sub>) and oxygen consumption (<\/jats:inline-formula>o<\/jats:sc>2<\/jats:sub>) were calculated.<\/jats:p>\nResults<\/jats:bold>\u2014Heart rate (HR), CO, and Do<\/jats:sc>2<\/jats:sub> decreased after DB and DBK administration. The <\/jats:inline-formula>o<\/jats:sc>2<\/jats:sub> did not change in the DB group but decreased in the DBK group. The HR was higher in the DBK group than in the DB group throughout the study, but the CO, Do<\/jats:sc>2<\/jats:sub>, and <\/jats:inline-formula>o<\/jats:sc>2<\/jats:sub> values were similar for the 2 groups. Blood lactate concentrations remained low (< 1 mmol\/L) throughout the study. Arterial hypoxemia and hypercapnea occurred in both groups. Mean arterial blood pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure were markedly increased in both groups, but to a greater extent in the DBK group. After atipamezole administration, HR, CO, and Do<\/jats:sc>2<\/jats:sub> returned to the baseline values.<\/jats:p>\nConclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Adding ketamine to the DB combination allowed dogs to maintain a higher HR and delayed the onset of sinus arrhythmias but failed to provide a significantly higher CO because of a reduction in stroke volume.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.3.339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]],"date-time":"2013-01-17T14:24:38Z","timestamp":1358432678000},"page":"339-345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influence of ketamine on the cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine-buprenorphine with subsequent reversal with atipamezole in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"Jeff C.","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Barletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann B.","family":"Weil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Krimins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Payton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Constable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Drugs Future","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1358\/dof.1993.018.01.198548","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine, a novel \u03b12-adrenergic agonist. A review of its pharmacodynamic characteristics","volume":"18","author":"Aantaa","year":"1993"},{"issue":"suppl 1A","key":"ref2","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet","first-page":"1","article-title":"FAQs\u2014analgesia, sedation, and anesthesia: making the switch from medetomidine to dexmedetomidine","volume":"31","author":"Ko","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00030.x","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam for canine hip radiography","volume":"47","author":"Leppanen","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.9.1159","article-title":"Evaluation of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in combination with opioids as injectable anesthesia for castration in 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drug?","volume":"107","author":"Hirota","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.931","article-title":"Comparative cardiovascular, analgesic, and sedative effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol in dogs","volume":"65","author":"Kuo","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1222","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary effects of fentanyl in conscious dogs and dogs sedated with a continuous rate infusion of medetomidine","volume":"66","author":"Grimm","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00668.x","article-title":"The accuracy of the Lactate Pro hand-held analyser to determine blood lactate in healthy 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