{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:46:19Z","timestamp":1791081979292,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To conduct an epidemiological analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of canine leptospirosis cases in northern California and detect spatial clustering in any region.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Retrospective case-control study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201467 dogs with leptospirosis and 271 control dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Medical records of case and control dogs were reviewed. Spatial coordinates of home addresses of the study population were analyzed visually and statistically via a Cuzick-Edwards test and spatial, temporal, and space-time permutation scan statistics.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Cases were distributed around the San Francisco Bay region as well as in the Sierra Nevada foothills near Sacramento, Calif, whereas controls were principally distributed along route I-80 between San Francisco and Sacramento, Calif. Clustering was found for the second through sixth nearest neighboring cases via the global spatial cluster test. A local spatial cluster of 30 cases was identified in San Francisco (95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 7.0), and a temporal cluster of 18 cases was identified from May 2003 through May 2004 (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 6.5). No significant space-time cluster was identified.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014The use of geographic information systems provided a visual representation of the results of statistical analysis for the location and time at which leptospirosis cases occurred. This useful tool can be used to educate veterinary practitioners and the public about a potentially fatal zoonotic disease and direct vaccination strategies to help prevent disease occurrence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.7.941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]],"date-time":"2013-03-21T11:37:52Z","timestamp":1363865872000},"page":"941-947","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Spatial and temporal patterns of Leptospira infection in dogs from northern California: 67 cases (2001\u20132010)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"Janemarie H.","family":"Hennebelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim E.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0654.x","article-title":"2010 ACVIM small animal consensus statement on leptospirosis: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention","volume":"25","author":"Sykes","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1702.101109","article-title":"Leptospirosis in Hawaii, USA, 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diseases.","first-page":"246","article-title":"Leptospirosis","author":"Torten","year":"2006"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"ref23","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2001000700014","article-title":"The place behind the case: leptospirosis risks and associated environmental conditions in a flood-related outbreak in Rio de Janeiro","volume":"17","author":"Barcellos","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-125","article-title":"Cyclical changes in seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea lions: endemic and epidemic disease in one host species?","volume":"7","author":"Lloyd-Smith","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.1.7","article-title":"Diagnosis and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea lions from coastal 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epidemiology","volume":"48","author":"Carpenter","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Epidemiol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017993","article-title":"Spatial analytical methods and geographic information systems: use in health research and epidemiology","volume":"21","author":"Moore","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol","first-page":"73","article-title":"Spatial clustering for inhomogeneous populations","volume":"52","author":"Cuzick","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Commun Stat Theory Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1080\/03610929708831995","article-title":"A spatial scan statistic","volume":"26","author":"Kulldorff","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Stat Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780140809","article-title":"Spatial disease clusters: detection and inference","volume":"14","author":"Kulldorff","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"19","article-title":"A temporal-spatial analysis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Irish cattle herds, from 1996 to 2000","volume":"69","author":"Sheridan","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"216","article-title":"A space-time permutation scan statistic for the early detection of disease outbreaks","volume":"2","author":"Kulldorff","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Am J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.9.1377","article-title":"Evaluating cluster alarms: a space-time scan statistic and brain cancer in Los Alamos, New Mexico","volume":"88","author":"Kulldorff","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-2867(96)80029-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of leptospirosis: a reemerging disease of companion animals","volume":"11","author":"Bolin","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1003.030431","article-title":"Reemerging leptospirosis, California","volume":"10","author":"Meites","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e612","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000612","article-title":"Asymptomatic renal colonization of humans in the peruvian Amazon by Leptospira","volume":"4","author":"Ganoza","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Kirk's current veterinary therapy XIV.","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Leptospirosis","author":"Harkin","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00026-3","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a re-emerging zoonotic disease","volume":"33","author":"Langston","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"606","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis","volume":"26","author":"Sessions","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"CRC handbook series in zoonoses section A: bacterial, rickettsial and mycotic diseases.","first-page":"246","article-title":"Leptospirosis","author":"Torten","year":"2006"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"ref23","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2001000700014","article-title":"The place behind the case: leptospirosis risks and associated environmental conditions in a flood-related outbreak in Rio de Janeiro","volume":"17","author":"Barcellos","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-125","article-title":"Cyclical changes in 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