{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T18:11:05Z","timestamp":1782497465583,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize clinical findings, outcomes, muscle characteristics, and serum or muscle concentrations of \u03b1-tocopherol for horses with vitamin E\u2013responsive signs of muscle atrophy and weakness consistent with signs of equine motor neuron disease (EMND).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20148 affected (case) adult horses with acute (n = 3) or chronic (5) gross muscle atrophy that improved with vitamin E treatment and 14 clinically normal (control) adult horses with adequate (within reference range; 8) or low (6) muscle concentrations of \u03b1-tocopherol.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records were reviewed, serum and muscle concentrations of \u03b1-tocopherol were measured, and frozen biopsy specimens of sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle and gluteal muscle were histologically evaluated for pathological changes. Fiber type composition and fiber diameters were assessed in gluteal muscle specimens.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014A myopathy that was histologically characterized by redistribution of mitochondrial enzyme stain (moth-eaten appearance) and anguloid atrophy of myofibers was evident in sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle fibers of the 8 affected horses that had low serum (6\/8) or skeletal muscle (5\/5) concentrations of \u03b1-tocopherol; these histopathologic changes were not found in muscle specimens of control horses with low or adequate muscle concentrations of \u03b1-tocopherol. All affected horses regained strength and muscle mass within 3 months after initiation of vitamin E treatment and dietary changes.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014A vitamin E\u2013deficient myopathy characterized histologically by a moth-eaten appearance in the mitochondria and anguloid myofiber atrophy in frozen sections of sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle biopsy specimens was found in horses with clinical signs of EMND that were highly responsive to vitamin E treatment. This myopathy may be a specific syndrome or possibly precede the development of neurogenic muscle fiber atrophy typical of EMND.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.8.1127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,2]],"date-time":"2013-04-02T18:01:36Z","timestamp":1364925696000},"page":"1127-1137","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Histopathologic findings in the sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle of horses with vitamin E\u2013responsive muscle atrophy and weakness"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"Holly E.","family":"Bedford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie J.","family":"Valberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Firshman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Lucio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Boyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy N.","family":"Trumble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"97","article-title":"Equine motor neuron disease","volume":"13","author":"Divers","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"17","article-title":"Vitamin E deficiency and risk of equine motor neuron disease","volume":"49","author":"Mohammed","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"409","article-title":"Equine motor 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