{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:45:55Z","timestamp":1788691555175,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To determine direct and indirect costs associated with raccoon rabies incidents involving cattle herds in Hampshire County, WV, in 2008 and Guernsey County, Ohio, in 2010.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Ex post cost analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u20141 cattle herd in Hampshire County, WV, in 2008 and 1 cattle herd in Guernsey County, Ohio, in 2010.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Data were collected for each incident through telephone and email interviews with 16 federal, state, and county agency personnel involved in the case investigations and coordinated responses for rabies in the cattle herds. To characterize the economic impact associated with rabies in the 2 cattle herds, cost analysis was conducted with 7 cost variables (salary and benefits for personnel involved in the response, human postexposure prophylaxis, indirect patient costs, rabies diagnostic testing, cattle carcass disposal, market value of euthanized cattle, and enhanced rabies surveillance). Estimates of direct costs were determined on the basis of agency records and other relevant data obtained from notes and reports made by agency staff at the time of the incident and from a review of the literature.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Primary costs included the market value of euthanized cattle ($51,461 in West Virginia; $12,561 in Ohio), human postexposure prophylaxis ($17,959 in West Virginia; $11,297 in Ohio), and salary and benefits for personnel involved in the response ($19,792 in West Virginia; $14,496 in Ohio).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014These results should provide a basis for better characterization of the economic impact of wildlife rabies in cattle in the United States.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.11.1561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,21]],"date-time":"2013-11-21T09:08:07Z","timestamp":1385024887000},"page":"1561-1567","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Costs of raccoon rabies incidents in cattle herds in Hampshire County, West Virginia, and Guernsey County, Ohio"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler W.","family":"Cozzens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Shwiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jewell","family":"Plumley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanette","family":"O'Quin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy P.","family":"Algeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Slate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0889","article-title":"Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence","volume":"356","author":"Cleaveland","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Postgrad Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1987.11699951","article-title":"Rabies prevention in primary care. 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Part 2: rabies in dogs, livestock and wildlife","volume":"14","author":"Meltzer","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.010524","article-title":"Public health impact of reemergence of rabies, New York","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Human conflicts with wildlife: economic considerations.","first-page":"109","article-title":"Economic analysis of a large scale oral vaccination program to control raccoon rabies","author":"Kemere","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-47","article-title":"Potential cost savings with terrestrial rabies control","volume":"7","author":"Recuenco","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.2.251","article-title":"Direct and indirect costs of rabies exposure: a retrospective study in southern California (1998\u20132002)","volume":"43","author":"Shwiff","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"U.S. National Plan for Wildlife Rabies Management (2008\u2013 2012). 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Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.69.6.601","article-title":"Rabies in translocated raccoons","volume":"69","author":"Nettles","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"661","article-title":"Extension of the raccoon rabies epizootic\u2014United States, 1992","volume":"41","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Meat animals production, disposition, and income 2010 summary April 2011"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Overview of the United States cattle industry.","first-page":"1","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Relative factor costs of wildlife rabies impacts in the U.S","first-page":"185","author":"Sterner","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Inflation calculator: money's real worth over time","author":"News","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Market news portal splash"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.020608","article-title":"Skunk and raccoon rabies in the eastern United States: temporal and spatial analysis","volume":"9","author":"Guerra","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.6.646","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2009","volume":"237","author":"Blanton","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000549","article-title":"Oral rabies vaccination in North America: opportunities, complexities, and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Slate","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Census of agriculture 2007"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"FY2010 Ohio ORV distribution","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Can J Zool","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1139\/z98-042","article-title":"Population density, survival, and rabies in raccoons in an urban national park","volume":"76","author":"Riley","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Emerg Infect Diag Infect Dis","first-page":"310","article-title":"Evaluation of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Lembo","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Rabies: scientific basis of the disease and its management.","first-page":"617","article-title":"Rabies control in wild carnivores","author":"Rosatte","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0104.950401","article-title":"The ascension of wildlife rabies: a cause for public health concern or intervention?","volume":"1","author":"Rupprecht","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Oral rabies vaccination: a national perspective on program development and implementation","first-page":"232","author":"Slate","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.2.265","article-title":"Emergency response to raccoon rabies introduction into Ontario","volume":"37","author":"Rosatte","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.081061","article-title":"Tactics and economics of wildlife oral rabies vaccination, Canada and the United States","volume":"15","author":"Sterner","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"J Public Health Manag Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/00124784-199809000-00009","article-title":"Causes, costs, and estimates of rabies postexposure prophylaxis treatments in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Krebs","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Cost of rabies prevention"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0889","article-title":"Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence","volume":"356","author":"Cleaveland","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Postgrad Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1987.11699951","article-title":"Rabies prevention in primary care. A four-step approach","volume":"82","author":"Fishbein","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(87)50601-5","article-title":"The impact of zoonotic diseases transmitted by pets on human health and the economy","volume":"17","author":"Stehr-Green","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1873","article-title":"Benefits and costs of using an orally absorbed vaccine to control rabies in raccoons","volume":"201","author":"Uhaa","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0204.960411","article-title":"Assessing the costs and benefits of an oral vaccine for raccoon rabies: a possible model","volume":"2","author":"Meltzer","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Pharmacoeconomics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-199814050-00003","article-title":"A review of the economics of the prevention and control of rabies. Part 2: rabies in dogs, livestock and wildlife","volume":"14","author":"Meltzer","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.010524","article-title":"Public health impact of reemergence of rabies, New York","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Human conflicts with wildlife: economic considerations.","first-page":"109","article-title":"Economic analysis of a large scale oral vaccination program to control raccoon rabies","author":"Kemere","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-47","article-title":"Potential cost savings with terrestrial rabies control","volume":"7","author":"Recuenco","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.2.251","article-title":"Direct and indirect costs of rabies exposure: a retrospective study in southern California (1998\u20132002)","volume":"43","author":"Shwiff","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"U.S. National Plan for Wildlife Rabies Management (2008\u2013 2012). (Strategies revised March 30\u2013April 1, 2010).","first-page":"42","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"527","article-title":"The cost of one rabid dog\u2014California","volume":"30","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"484","article-title":"Mass treatment of humans exposed to rabies\u2014New Hampshire, 1994","volume":"44","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.8_Pt_1.1149","article-title":"Mass human exposure to rabies in New Hampshire: exposures, treatment, and cost","volume":"86","author":"Noah","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"228","article-title":"Mass treatment of humans who drank unpasteurized milk from rabid cows\u2014Massachusetts, 1996\u20131998","volume":"48","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Am J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.69.6.601","article-title":"Rabies in translocated raccoons","volume":"69","author":"Nettles","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"661","article-title":"Extension of the raccoon rabies epizootic\u2014United States, 1992","volume":"41","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Meat animals production, disposition, and income 2010 summary April 2011"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Overview of the United States cattle industry.","first-page":"1","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Relative factor costs of wildlife rabies impacts in the U.S","first-page":"185","author":"Sterner","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Inflation calculator: money's real worth over time","author":"News","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Market news portal splash"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.020608","article-title":"Skunk and raccoon rabies in the eastern United States: temporal and spatial analysis","volume":"9","author":"Guerra","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.6.646","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2009","volume":"237","author":"Blanton","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000549","article-title":"Oral rabies vaccination in North America: opportunities, complexities, and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Slate","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Census of agriculture 2007"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"FY2010 Ohio ORV distribution","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Can J Zool","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1139\/z98-042","article-title":"Population density, survival, and rabies in raccoons in an urban national park","volume":"76","author":"Riley","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Emerg Infect Diag Infect Dis","first-page":"310","article-title":"Evaluation of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Lembo","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Rabies: scientific basis of the disease and its management.","first-page":"617","article-title":"Rabies control in wild carnivores","author":"Rosatte","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0104.950401","article-title":"The ascension of wildlife rabies: a cause for public health concern or intervention?","volume":"1","author":"Rupprecht","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Oral rabies vaccination: a national 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