{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:04:11Z","timestamp":1770221051942,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the mineral composition and anatomic location of urinary calculi and to investigate sex and reproductive status as predisposing factors for development of urolithiasis in potbellied pigs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Samples<\/jats:bold>\u2014Urinary calculi from 50 purebred and crossbred potbellied pigs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Laboratory records for urinary calculi of potbellied pigs submitted to the University of California-Davis Stone Laboratory from 1982 through 2012 were reviewed. Mineral composition of calculi was determined by polarized light microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and, in some cases, x-ray diffractometry.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Of the 48 urinary calculi analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, 21 (44%) were composed primarily of amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate; another 9 (19%) were primarily composed of calcium phosphate in the form of apatite. Of 50 urinary calculi, 22 (44%), 14 (28%), 10 (20%), 3 (6%), and 1 (2%) were removed from the urinary bladder only, urethra, both urinary bladder and urethra, urine, and renal pelvis, respectively. Sex of 6 potbellied pigs was not recorded. For 44 urinary calculi, 41 (93%) were from males (11 sexually intact males and 30 castrated) and 3 (7%) were from females (2 sexually intact females and 1 spayed). Among males, 73% (30\/41) of submissions were from castrated males.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In contrast to results from studies in commercial pigs, the most common composition of urinary calculi identified in purebred and crossbred potbellied pigs was amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate. Potential predisposing factors for urolithiasis in potbellied pigs may be similar to those for urolithiasis in commercial pigs. These include diet, urinary tract infections, and sex. Thus, prevention of urolithiasis should target these potential predisposing factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.3.389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,18]],"date-time":"2013-07-18T19:57:43Z","timestamp":1374177463000},"page":"389-393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Mineral composition of urinary calculi from potbellied pigs with urolithiasis: 50 cases (1982\u20132012)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Munashe","family":"Chigerwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryoji","family":"Shiraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik C.","family":"Olstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Angelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette L.","family":"Ruby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jodi L.","family":"Westropp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101.21.432","article-title":"Urolithiasis in pigs","volume":"101","author":"Edwards","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101.18.367","article-title":"Urolithiasis in piglets","volume":"101","author":"Windsor","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.119.7.158","article-title":"Urolithiasis in baby pigs","volume":"119","author":"Smyth","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2003.09.006","article-title":"Urolithiasis in finishing pigs","volume":"168","author":"Maes","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Pig Vet J","first-page":"57","article-title":"Urinary obstruction in weaned piglets leading to increased mortality","volume":"4","author":"Sim","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Pig Vet J","first-page":"121","article-title":"Cystitis and pyelonephritis in the sow","volume":"27","author":"Carr","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.203","article-title":"Purine metabolism of uric acid urolithiasis induced in newborn piglets","volume":"60","author":"Kakino","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)69732-5","article-title":"Studies in urolithiasis: I. 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