{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:08:45Z","timestamp":1785427725856,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the characteristics of, prevalence of, and risk factors for corneal pigmentation (CP) in Pugs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014295 Pugs &gt; 16 weeks old.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Ophthalmic examination of the anterior segment of each eye was performed, including determination of tear film characteristics (Schirmer tear test and tear film breakup time) and corneal sensitivity. Digital photographs of the head and each eye were obtained. Corneal pigmentation of eyes was graded as absent, very mild, mild, moderate, or severe. Signalment and medical history information and American Kennel Club registration status were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014CP was detected in at least 1 eye of 243 of the 295 (82.4%) Pugs; CP was typically very mild or mild. Detection of CP was not significantly associated with coat color, age, eyelid conformation, or tear film characteristics but was significantly associated with sex of dogs. The severity of CP was not significantly associated with American Kennel Club registration status or age, but was significantly associated with sex, tear film characteristics, and coat color. Iris hypoplasia was detected in 72.1% of the Pugs. Iris-to-iris persistent pupillary membranes were detected in 85.3% of the Pugs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prevalence of CP in Pugs in this study was high. Unexpectedly high prevalences of iris hypoplasia and persistent pupillary membranes were also identified. The condition identified in these Pugs was a pigmentary keratopathy, rather than pigmentary keratitis or corneal melanosis. This condition may have a genetic basis, and further studies are warranted to determine etiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.5.667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,23]],"date-time":"2013-08-23T14:11:43Z","timestamp":1377267103000},"page":"667-674","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Characteristics of, prevalence of, and risk factors for corneal pigmentation (pigmentary keratopathy) in Pugs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Amber L.","family":"Labelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine B.","family":"Dresser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph E.","family":"Hamor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Allender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia L.","family":"Disney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Optometry","first-page":"425","article-title":"Corneal pigmentation in overnight orthokeratology: a case series","volume":"73","author":"Rah","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2004.04044.x","article-title":"Adnexal surgery in dogs and cats","volume":"7","author":"van der Woerdt","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05852.x","article-title":"Uberreiter's syndrome (chronic superficial keratitis) in dogs in the Rocky Mountain area\u2014a study of 463 cases","volume":"18","author":"Slatter","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"208","article-title":"The nature of corneal pigmentation in the dog","volume":"124","author":"Roberts","year":"1954"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020276038","article-title":"Spontaneous canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca. A useful model for human keratoconjunctivitis sicca: treatment with cyclosporine eye drops","volume":"107","author":"Kaswan","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Comp Ophthalmol","first-page":"25","article-title":"Keratectomy for corneal pigmentation in dogs with cyclosporine responsive chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca","volume":"5","author":"Stiles","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Slatter's fundamentals of veterinary ophthalmology","first-page":"180","article-title":"Cornea and sclera","author":"Maggs","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med [serial online]","first-page":"852304","article-title":"Pigmentation of the cornea secondary to tinted soft contact lens wear","volume":"2012","author":"Spiteri","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080210091032","article-title":"\u2018Black cornea\u2019 after long-term epinephrine use","volume":"110","author":"Kaiser","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Ocular disorders presumed to be inherited in purebred dogs","article-title":"Genetics Committee of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00858.x","article-title":"Superficial corneal squamous cell carcinoma occurring in dogs with chronic keratitis","volume":"14","author":"Dreyfus","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00675.x","article-title":"Keratoconjunctivitis associated with Toxoplasma gondii in a dog","volume":"12","author":"Swinger","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Breed standard. Pug"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol","first-page":"245","article-title":"Absolute corneal sensitivity and corneal trigeminal nerve anatomy in normal dogs","volume":"1","author":"Barrett","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"1925","article-title":"Density and distribution of canine conjunctival goblet cells","volume":"28","author":"Moore","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Veterinary ophthalmology","first-page":"721","article-title":"Diseases and surgery of the canine cornea and sclera","author":"Gilger","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Am J Pathol","first-page":"167","article-title":"Ultrastructural observations on experimentally produced melanin pigmentation of the corneal epithelium","volume":"85","author":"McCracken","year":"1976"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/243\/5\/javma.243.5.667.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/243\/5\/javma.243.5.667.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/243\/5\/javma.243.5.667.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:40:48Z","timestamp":1741347648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/243\/5\/javma.243.5.667.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.243.5.667","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]}}}