{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T11:30:33Z","timestamp":1793100633569,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate the incidence of sterile hemorrhagic cystitis (SHC) and other adverse effects in dogs following oral administration of the single-day, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of cyclophosphamide divided over 3 days as part of a multiagent chemotherapy protocol for treatment of lymphoma without concurrent administration of furosemide.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201457 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs with lymphoma that underwent the described cyclophosphamide treatment. Information was obtained regarding signalment, lymphoma stage, concurrent diseases, cyclophosphamide doses administered, adverse effects (including SHC), remission rates, and outcomes. The incidence of SHC was compared with that of literature-derived historical control groups that received the MTD of cyclophosphamide as a single, 1-day dose with or without furosemide treatment.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014None of the 57 dogs developed SHC during the study period. Forty-seven of 57 (82%) dogs had complete remission of lymphoma. Other adverse effects were uncommon and self-limiting; no dogs had myelosuppression, and only 5 had mild gastrointestinal effects. Incidence of SHC was significantly lower than that reported for historical control dogs that received cyclophosphamide as a single dose without furosemide (24\/219) and was not significantly different from that for historical control dogs that received cyclophosphamide as a single dose with furosemide (2\/139).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014No dogs in this study had SHC following oral administration of the single-day MTD of cyclophosphamide divided over a 3-day period without furosemide administration. Further research is needed to confirm whether this method of cyclophosphamide administration is equivalent or superior to the current single-dose administration method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.7.1025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,19]],"date-time":"2013-09-19T22:24:06Z","timestamp":1379629446000},"page":"1025-1029","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Incidence of sterile hemorrhagic cystitis in dogs receiving cyclophosphamide orally for three days without concurrent furosemide as part of a chemotherapeutic treatment for lymphoma: 57 cases (2007\u20132012)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Best","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren R.","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"DeVita, Hellman and Rosenberg's cancer: principles and practice of oncology","first-page":"207","article-title":"Alkylating agents","author":"Tew","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Withrow and MacEwen's small animal clinical oncology","first-page":"163","article-title":"Cancer chemotherapy","author":"Chun","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1081\/JLC-100100448","article-title":"High performance liquid chromatographic determination of the stabilized cyclophosphamide metabolite 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide in plasma and red blood cells","volume":"23","author":"Huitema","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(98)90178-3","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites in bone marrow transplantation patients","volume":"64","author":"Ren","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Plumb's veterinary drug handbook","first-page":"293","author":"Plumb","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"The textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"2126","article-title":"Practical chemotherapy","author":"Moore","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"The textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"2148","article-title":"Hematopoetic tumours in dogs","author":"Vail","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"259","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in the dog and cat","volume":"171","author":"Crow","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1572","article-title":"Acute sterile hemorrhagic cystitis after a single intravenous administration of cyclophosphamide in three dogs","volume":"201","author":"Peterson","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"233","article-title":"Treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in five dogs","volume":"193","author":"Laing","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1206","article-title":"Intravesical instillation of dilute formalin for treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in two dogs","volume":"172","author":"Weller","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1388","article-title":"Risk factors for sterile hemorrhagic cystitis in dogs with lymphoma receiving cyclophosphamide with or without concurrent administration of furosemide: 216 cases (1990\u20131996)","volume":"222","author":"Charney","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02411.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a 6-month chemotherapy protocol with no maintenance therapy for dogs with lymphoma","volume":"16","author":"Garrett","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880201)61:3<451::AID-CNCR2820610308>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. 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