{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:08:29Z","timestamp":1784830109416,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine thiamine-dependent enzyme activities in various tissue samples of Pacific harbor seals (<jats:italic>Phoca vitulina<\/jats:italic>) and thiaminase activities in dietary fish.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201411 Pacific harbor seals with thiamine deficiency and 5 control seals.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Seals underwent evaluation to rule out various diseases and exposure to toxins. For seals that died, measurement of thiamine-dependent enzymes in liver and brain samples and determination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in liver, brain, and muscle samples were performed. Thiaminase activity in dietary fish was determined.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u20148 seals with thiamine deficiency died. Affected seals typically had acute neurologic signs with few nonspecific findings detected by means of clinicopathologic tests and histologic examination of tissue samples. Thiamine-dependent enzyme activities in liver samples of affected seals were significantly lower than those in control liver samples. The primary activation ratios and latencies for enzymes indicated that brain tissue was more affected by thiamine deficiency than liver tissue. Activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase were more affected by thiamine deficiency than those of transketolase and ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. For control seals, the mtDNA copy number in muscle samples was significantly lower than that for affected seals; conversely, the copy number in control liver samples was significantly greater than that of affected seals. Thiaminase activity was substantially higher in smelt than it was in other types of dietary fish.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results of analyses in this study confirmed a diagnosis of thiamine deficiency for affected seals resulting from high thiaminase activity in dietary fish, inadequate vitamin administration, and increased thiamine demand caused by pregnancy and lactation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.8.1179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,4]],"date-time":"2013-10-04T14:41:23Z","timestamp":1380897683000},"page":"1179-1189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Clinical evaluation and biochemical analyses of thiamine deficiency in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) maintained at a zoological facility"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Lara","family":"Croft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie K.","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"St. Leger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Gearhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Heym","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Puschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Giulivi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Biochem J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0331506","article-title":"Acetylcholine metabolism in the central nervous system","volume":"33","author":"Mann","year":"1939"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"In Vivo","first-page":"231","article-title":"Complete recovery from undertreated Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome following aggressive thiamine treatment","volume":"24","author":"Paparrigopoulos","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Proc Nutr Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002151","article-title":"Meeting the challenges of micronutrient deficiencies in emergency-affected populations","volume":"61","author":"Weise Prinzo","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Lab Anim Sci","first-page":"323","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency encephalopathy in a specific-pathogen-free cat colony","volume":"28","author":"Baggs","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03541.x","article-title":"Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency: four neurological phenotypes with differing pathogenesis","volume":"52","author":"Barnerias","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Asian J Anim Vet Adv","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3923\/ajava.2011.126.131","article-title":"Polioencephalomalacia in cattle","volume":"6","author":"Rachid","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2003.t01-1-00500.x","article-title":"Polioencephalomalacia in captive harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)","volume":"50","author":"Wohlsein","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/27.11.1221","article-title":"Vitamin B1 status in pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Heller","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(89)90095-6","article-title":"Wernicke's encephalopathy in non-alcoholics. 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