{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:56:56Z","timestamp":1791313016512,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine clinicopathologic features, percentage of atypical abnormalities, antibody titers against <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> serogroups, and importance of convalescent titers in dogs with leptospirosis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201451 dogs with leptospirosis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Criteria for inclusion were at least 1 positive microscopic agglutination test (MAT) result (titer \u2265 1:1,600 in vaccinated dogs, titer \u2265 1:800 in nonvaccinated dogs, or \u2265 4-fold increase in convalescent titer), a complete medical record (including leptospirosis vaccination date, reason for initial evaluation, and CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and urinalysis results), and clinical signs or laboratory findings consistent with leptospirosis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Initial clinical signs, temporal distribution, and signalment were similar to previous reports. Convalescent MAT titers were necessary for diagnosis in 45% of cases. Atypical abnormalities included radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease in 10 of 23 dogs and hepatic involvement alone in 7 of 51 dogs. Other abnormalities included proteinuria in 34 of 51 dogs, thrombocytopenia in 26 of 51, coagulopathy in 7 of 24 dogs, hypoalbuminemia in 14 of 51 dogs, and glucosuria in 9 of 51 dogs. Significant associations were found between antibodies against serogroup Grippotyphosa and renal involvement and serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae and hepatic involvement.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Increased awareness of atypical abnormalities may decrease misdiagnosis of leptospirosis in dogs. Results of concurrent infectious disease testing should be interpreted with caution; misdiagnosis of leptospirosis could pose a public health risk. Convalescent titers were necessary to identify infection when acute testing results were negative. Further research is needed to determine the true associations between antibodies against identified serogroups and clinical features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.9.1316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T15:06:15Z","timestamp":1382022375000},"page":"1316-1322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Clinicopathologic and atypical features of naturally occurring leptospirosis in dogs: 51 cases (2000\u20132010)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Lindsay E.","family":"Tangeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meryl P.","family":"Littman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Malays J Pathol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a re-emerging infection","volume":"33","author":"Lim","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"167","article-title":"Increase in seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis and its risk factors, Ontario 1998\u20132006","volume":"73","author":"Alton","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1086\/346208","article-title":"Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"Levett","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0654.x","article-title":"2010 ACVIM small animal consensus statement of leptospirosis: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention","volume":"25","author":"Sykes","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x","article-title":"Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world","volume":"17","author":"Hartskeerl","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat","first-page":"402","article-title":"Leptospirosis","author":"Greene","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.07.008","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis","volume":"40","author":"Goldstein","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"3","article-title":"Clinicopathologic features and outcome predictors of Leptospira interrogans Australis serogroup infection in dogs: a retrospective study of 20 cases (2001\u20132004)","volume":"21","author":"Mastrorilli","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00345.x","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis. 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