{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:49:57Z","timestamp":1767707397243,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014A 16-year-old vasectomized male ring-tailed lemur (<jats:italic>Lemur catta<\/jats:italic>) with a history of suspected chronic renal failure was evaluated because of extreme lethargy, hyperpnea, and abscess of the right pectoral scent gland.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014Examination of the anesthetized patient revealed an impacted right pectoral scent gland with serosanguineous exudate. A CBC and serum biochemical analysis revealed severe anemia, marked azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014Supportive care (including fluid therapy and phosphorus binder administration) was initiated for renal failure; the affected gland was cleaned, and antimicrobials were administered. The patient received 1 blood transfusion, and darbepoetin alfa was administered weekly to stimulate RBC production. Anemia and azotemia persisted. Three months after treatment started, serum iron analysis revealed that iron deficiency was the probable cause for the lack of a consistent regenerative response to darbepoetin injections. Iron dextran injections resulted in a marked regenerative response; however, serum biochemical analysis results after the second injection were consistent with hepatic injury. Hepatic enzyme activities normalized following discontinuation of iron dextran treatment, but the lemur's Hct declined rapidly despite supplementary iron administration PO. The patient developed severe mandibular osteomyelitis and was euthanized because of poor prognosis. Postmortem evaluation of hepatic iron concentration confirmed iron deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The family Lemuridae is considered prone to hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis, which delayed rapid diagnosis and treatment of the lemur's disease. Apparent hepatic injury following iron dextran injections further complicated treatment. Findings for this lemur support the use of species-specific total iron binding capacity and total serum iron and ferritin concentrations in evaluation of an animal with suspected iron deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.4.471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]],"date-time":"2014-01-30T20:26:46Z","timestamp":1391113606000},"page":"471-475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Iron deficiency anemia in a ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) with concurrent chronic renal failure"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"244","author":[{"given":"Kadie M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen N.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"year":"2002","series-title":"Physiologic data reference values [CD-ROM]","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1638\/04-055.1","article-title":"Survey and clinical application of serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin in captive black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata)","volume":"36","author":"Crawford","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Primatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20237","article-title":"Comparison of serum iron, total iron binding capacity, ferritin, and percent transferrin saturation in nine species of apparently healthy captive lemurs","volume":"68","author":"Williams","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.4.578","article-title":"Evaluation of iron status in lemurs by analysis of serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation","volume":"232","author":"Williams","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985881018s0601","article-title":"Renal disease in prosimians","volume":"18","author":"Boraski","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Adv Vet Sci Comp Med","first-page":"167","article-title":"The pathology of prosimians, especially lemurs","volume":"30","author":"Benirschke","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Zoo and wild animal medicine","first-page":"334","article-title":"Prosimians","author":"Junge","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Small animal internal medicine","first-page":"608","article-title":"Renal failure","author":"Grauer","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50130-0","article-title":"Benefits of calcitriol therapy and serum phosphorus control in dogs and cats with chronic renal failure. 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