{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:12:20Z","timestamp":1770221540821,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014A 10-year-old domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of presumed seizures.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014The cat had intermittent mydriasis, hyperthermia, and facial twitching. Findings of MRI and CSF sample analysis were unremarkable, and results of infectious disease testing were negative. Treatment was initiated with phenobarbital, zonisamide, and levetiracetam; however, the presumed seizure activity continued. Results of analysis of continuous electroencephalographic recording indicated the cat had nonconvulsive status epilepticus.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014The cat was treated with phenobarbital IV (6 mg\/kg [2.7 mg\/lb] q 30 min during a 9-hour period; total dose, 108 mg\/kg [49.1 mg\/lb]); treatment was stopped when a burst-suppression electroencephalographic pattern was detected. During this high-dose phenobarbital treatment period, an endotracheal tube was placed and the cat was monitored and received fluids, hetastarch, and dopamine IV. Continuous mechanical ventilation was not required. After treatment, the cat developed unclassified cardiomyopathy, azotemia, anemia, and pneumonia. These problems resolved during a 9-month period.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Findings for the cat of this report indicated electroencephalographic evidence of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Administration of a high total dose of phenobarbital and monitoring of treatment by use of electroencephalography were successful for resolution of the problem, and treatment sequelae resolved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.6.708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T20:22:42Z","timestamp":1393359762000},"page":"708-714","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Use of continuous electroencephalography for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in a cat"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"244","author":[{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Cuff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William W.","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Stecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. Colette","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Epilepsy and seizure classification in 63 dogs: a reappraisal of veterinary epilepsy terminology","first-page":"14","volume":"13","author":"Berendt","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"The EEG of status epilepticus","first-page":"221","volume":"23","author":"Kaplan","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"The clinical features, diagnosis, and prognosis of nonconvulsive status epilepticus","first-page":"348","volume":"11","author":"Kaplan","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"EEG criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus","first-page":"39","volume":"48","author":"Kaplan","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Nonconvulsive status epilepticus","first-page":"33","volume":"16","author":"Kaplan","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Presentation, evaluation, and treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus","first-page":"301","volume":"1","author":"Drislane","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus","first-page":"931","volume":"15","author":"Walker","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Nonconvulsive status epilepticus","first-page":"572","volume":"12","author":"Maganti","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Behavioral manifestations of nonconvulsive status epilepticus","first-page":"122","volume":"3","author":"Kaplan","year":"2002"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"ref10","series-title":"Unified EEG terminology and criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus","first-page":"28","volume":"54","author":"Beniczky","year":"2013"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Generalized convulsive status epilepticus in the adult","first-page":"S2","volume":"34","author":"Treiman","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"An animal model of nonconvulsive status epilepticus: a contribution to clinical controversies","first-page":"171","volume":"42","author":"Kr\u0161ek","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Sustained limbic seizures induced by intraamygdaloid kainic acid in the baboon: symptomatology and neuropathological consequences","first-page":"501","volume":"8","author":"Menini","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Neuron-specific enolase is increased after nonconvulsive status epilepticus","first-page":"475","volume":"36","author":"Rabinowicz","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Cognitive outcome of status epilepticus in children","first-page":"1","volume":"2012","author":"Sheppard","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"An assessment of nonconvulsive seizures in the intensive care unit using continuous EEG monitoring: an investigation of variables associated with mortality","first-page":"83","volume":"47","author":"Young","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Prolonged partial complex status epilepticus: EEG and behavioral observations","first-page":"863","volume":"28","author":"Engel","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Complex partial status epilepticus accompanied by serious morbidity and mortality","first-page":"1499","volume":"45","author":"Krumholz","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Complex partial status epilepticus","first-page":"1140","volume":"48","author":"Privitera","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Focal cerebral magnetic resonance changes associated with partial status epilepticus","first-page":"35","volume":"35","author":"Henry","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"An animal model of generalized nonconvulsive status epilepticus: immediate characteristics and long-term effects","first-page":"87","volume":"183","author":"Wong","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Depth of EEG suppression and outcome in barbiturate anesthetic treatment for refractory status epilepticus","first-page":"759","volume":"40","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with pentobarbital, propofol, or midazolam: a systematic review","first-page":"146","volume":"43","author":"Claassen","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"The management of refractory generalised convulsive and complex partial status epilepticus in three European countries: a survey among epileptologists and critical care neurologists","first-page":"1095","volume":"74","author":"Holtkamp","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Barbiturate anesthesia in the treatment of status epilepticus: clinical experience with 14 patients","first-page":"395","volume":"38","author":"Lowenstein","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Pentobarbital treatment of refractory status epilepticus","first-page":"500","volume":"37","author":"Rashkin","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Pentobarbital and EEG burst suppression in treatment of status epilepticus refractory to benzodiazepines and phenytoin","first-page":"61","volume":"31","author":"Van Ness","year":"1990"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref28","series-title":"Treatment of status epilepticus","first-page":"S71","volume":"34","author":"Ramsay","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"EEG in convulsive and nonconvulsive status epilepticus","first-page":"319","volume":"21","author":"Brenner","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"A glossary of terms most commonly used by clinical electroencephalographers and proposal for the report form for the EEG findings. The International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology","first-page":"21","volume":"52","author":"Noachtar","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Electroencephalography in dogs with epilepsy: similarities between human and canine findings","first-page":"276","volume":"99","author":"Berendt","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Use of ketamine for the management of refractory status epilepticus in a dog","first-page":"194","volume":"20","author":"Serrano","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring of status epilepticus in dogs and cats: 10 patients (2004\u20132005)","first-page":"446","volume":"20","author":"Raith","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Seizures in cats","first-page":"811","volume":"26","author":"Parent","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Feline epilepsy","first-page":"628","volume":"1","author":"Schwartz-Porsche","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Complex partial cluster seizures in cats with orofacial involvement","first-page":"687","volume":"13","author":"Pakozdy","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Necrosis of hippocampus and piriform lobe in 38 domestic cats with seizures: a retrospective study on clinical and pathologic findings","first-page":"100","volume":"14","author":"Fatzer","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Feline seizure control","first-page":"515","volume":"37","author":"Platt","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Canine electroencephalographic recording technique: findings in normal and epileptic dogs","first-page":"477","volume":"115","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Dexmedetomidine does not reduce epileptiform discharges in adults with epilepsy","first-page":"195","volume":"19","author":"Talke","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Visual and quantitative electroencephalographic analysis of healthy young and adult cats under medetomidine sedation","first-page":"221","volume":"180","author":"Wrzosek","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Determination of a sedative protocol for use in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with neurologic abnormalities undergoing electroencephalographic examination","first-page":"542","volume":"39","author":"Dennison","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the electroencephalogram in normal horses after sedation","first-page":"645","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine sedation on the EEG in children","first-page":"1175","volume":"19","author":"Mason","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Drug-associated blood cell dyscrasias","first-page":"E2","volume":"34","author":"Weiss","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"The cardiocirculatory changes caused by intravenous Dilantin and its solvent","first-page":"523","volume":"74","author":"Louis","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Severe propylene glycol toxicity secondary to use of anti-epileptics [published online ahead of print Oct 19, 2012]","author":"Pillai"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Seizure-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy","first-page":"e160","volume":"52","author":"St\u00f6llberger","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/244\/6\/javma.244.6.708.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/244\/6\/javma.244.6.708.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/244\/6\/javma.244.6.708.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:44:37Z","timestamp":1741347877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/244\/6\/javma.244.6.708.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,15]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.244.6.708","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,15]]}}}