{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:59:38Z","timestamp":1774313978428,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare the hemodynamic responses to orotracheal intubation following induction of anesthesia with propofol, ketamine-propofol, and ketamine-diazepam in premedicated dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective, randomized, masked study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201410 healthy adult Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were randomly allocated to be anesthetized twice, with a 1-week wash-out interval, by means of 2 of 3 possible protocols (propofol [4 mg\/kg {1.8 mg\/lb}, n = 6 dogs], ketamine [2 mg\/kg {0.9 mg\/lb}] and propofol [2 mg\/kg; 7], or ketamine [5 mg\/kg {2.3 mg\/lb}] and diazepam [0.2 mg\/kg {0.09 mg\/lb}; 6]). After instrumentation, continuous heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume index, and systemic vascular resistance were recorded. Fifteen minutes after premedication, dogs were anesthetized; all anesthetics were administered IV. After 5 minutes, orotracheal intubation was performed without the use of a laryngoscope. Data were collected prior to intubation (baseline), at intubation, and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 seconds thereafter. Results were compared among the 3 groups and over time.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014No differences among groups were observed for any variables studied. In all groups, arterial blood pressures were significantly decreased at various time points after intubation. A significant increase in systolic arterial blood pressure was observed between baseline and the 30-second time point in the ketamine-diazepam group. No significant differences were detected over time for the other variables in any group.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Intubation after anesthetic induction with ketamine-diazepam caused transitory hypertension, whereas intubation after induction with propofol or ketamine-propofol did not cause cardiovascular stimulation. In dogs in which hypertension is a concern, propofol or ketamine-propofol may be a better choice for induction prior to orotracheal intubation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.8.934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,3]],"date-time":"2014-04-03T14:02:54Z","timestamp":1396533774000},"page":"934-939","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cardiovascular effects of orotracheal intubation following anesthetic induction with propofol, ketamine-propofol, or ketamine-diazepam in premedicated dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"244","author":[{"given":"Carolina H.","family":"Ricc\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Henao-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"795","article-title":"Cardiovascular changes in dogs given diazepam and diazepam-ketamine","volume":"47","author":"Haskins","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5326\/0430008","article-title":"Effects of diazepam or lidocaine premedication on propofol induction and cardiovascular parameters in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Braun","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.5.586","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary effects of anesthetic induction with thiopental, propofol, or a combination of ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam in dogs sedated with a combination of medetomidine and hydromorphone","volume":"69","author":"Enouri","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"523","article-title":"Propofol and fentanyl infusions in dogs of various breeds undergoing surgery","volume":"26","author":"Andreoni","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00679.x","article-title":"Minimum infusion rate and hemodynamic effects of propofol, propofol-lidocaine and propofol-lidocaine-ketamine in dogs","volume":"39","author":"Mannarino","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-195109000-00002","article-title":"Reflex circulatory responses to direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation performed during general anesthesia","volume":"12","author":"King","year":"1951"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/42.7.618","article-title":"Acute hypertension during induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation in normotensive man","volume":"42","author":"Forbes","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"367","article-title":"Hospital admission blood pressure: a predictor for hypertension following endotracheal intubation","volume":"59","author":"Bedford","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/43.6.531","article-title":"Studies of anaesthesia in relation to hypertension. 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