{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:40:09Z","timestamp":1774690809234,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014Severe lymphocytosis and leukocytosis were detected during examination of a 10-year-old sexually intact male bat-eared fox (<jats:italic>Otocyon megalotis<\/jats:italic>) with regionally extensive alopecia.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014A CBC revealed severe leukocytosis (39,100 leukocytes\/\u03bcL) and marked lymphocytosis (90%). A blood smear consisted predominantly of intermediate-sized lymphocytes and few large lymphocytes, with mild to moderate nuclear atypia. These findings were highly suggestive of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Cytologic evaluation of bone marrow aspirates revealed no evidence of overt malignancy, with 10% of all cells identified as small to intermediate-sized mature lymphocytes.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014Treatment with chlorambucil and prednisone administered orally over a 1.8-year period decreased the leukocyte and lymphocyte counts to within reference intervals with no adverse effects. Although repeated flow cytometry revealed evidence of residual disease, the fox remained free of clinical disease, and WBC counts were within reference intervals for this species. At 22 months after initial evaluation, the fox was euthanized because of debilitating arthritis. No evidence of CLL was detected grossly or histologically during necropsy.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this was the first report of CLL in a bat-eared fox and first successful treatment in a nondomestic carnivore. Treatment in accordance with a chemotherapeutic protocol successfully resolved the leukocytosis and lymphocytosis with no serious adverse effects. Description of this fox and the treatment protocol should provide a valuable reference for future cases in this and other nondomestic canine species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.12.1391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T15:56:31Z","timestamp":1417535791000},"page":"1391-1395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"245","author":[{"given":"Benjamin N.","family":"Nevitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer N.","family":"Langan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Adkesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Landolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rand","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Withrow and MacEwen's small animal clinical oncology","first-page":"627","article-title":"Hematopoietic tumors: section A: canine lymphoma and lymphoid leukemias","author":"Vail","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260-44.1.204","article-title":"Lymphocytic leukemia in a captive dhole (Cuon alpinus)","volume":"44","author":"Scala","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2007)38[488:DATOCT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of chronic T-lymphocytic leukemia in a spotted hyena 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