{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:05:55Z","timestamp":1791270355557,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To quantify the number of horses with <jats:italic>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection identified in the United States from January 2003 through December 2012.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u2014State veterinary diagnostic laboratory records of 2,237 <jats:italic>C pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> culture-positive samples from horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u201444 state veterinary diagnostic laboratories throughout the United States were invited by mail to participate in the study. Data requested included the number of <jats:italic>C pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> culture-positive samples from horses identified per year, geographic location from which the <jats:italic>C pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> culture-positive sample was submitted, month and year of sample submission, breed and age of horses, and category of clinical manifestation (ie, internal infection, external infection, or ulcerative lymphangitis).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Of the 44 invited laboratories, 15 agreed to participate and provided data on affected horses from 23 states. The proportion of <jats:italic>C pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> culture-positive samples submitted during 2011 through 2012 (1,213\/2,237 [54%]) was significantly greater than that for the period from 2003 through 2010 (1,024\/2,237 [46%]). <jats:italic>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> was recovered from horses in states where the disease has not been previously recognized as endemic. Affected horses were identified year-round. The greatest proportion of <jats:italic>C pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> culture-positive samples was identified during November, December, and January (789\/2,237 [35%]). No significant association between the clinical form of disease and age or breed of horse was observed.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The occurrence of <jats:italic>C pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection in horses increased during the 10-year period, and affected horses were identified throughout the United States. Further studies to determine changes in annual incidence and to identify potential changing climatic conditions or vector populations associated with disease transmission are warranted to help control the occurrence and spread of <jats:italic>C pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection in horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.3.309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,16]],"date-time":"2014-07-16T14:00:53Z","timestamp":1405519253000},"page":"309-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Frequency of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses across the United States during a 10-year period"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"245","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Kilcoyne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Spier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig N.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy K.","family":"Swinford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah D.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Veterinary microbiology","first-page":"127","article-title":"Corynebacteria; Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes; Rhodococcus equi","author":"Biberstein","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.441","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical characteristics, diagnostic test results, and outcome in horses with internal 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soil","volume":"170","author":"Spier","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(98)00071-3","article-title":"Risk factors associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in California horses","volume":"35","author":"Doherr","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.06.006","article-title":"Re-emergence of pigeon fever (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) infection in Texas horses: epidemiologic investigation of laboratory diagnosed cases","volume":"34","author":"Szonyi","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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